17세기 지리산권의 소빙기현상(小氷期現象)과 사회,경제적 양상 = Little Ice Age Phenomenon and Its Social and Economic Aspects Shown in Mt. Jiri Region In the 17th Century

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 17세기 智異山圈의 小氷期현상과 국가의 救民策및 사회·경제적 양상을 살펴본 것이다. 먼저 雨雹은 17세기 전시기에 걸쳐 지리산권에 내렸는데, 그 크기에서 매우 큰 편이고 내린 시기가 주로 농사철이어서 밭농사와 논농사에 큰 피해를 끼쳤다. 또한 수재와 가뭄으로 인한 피해도 지속적이었다. 지리산권은 1658년 이후 1690년대까지 두드러진 소빙기 이상저온이 나타났는데, 말기에 특히 심했다. 이러한 17세기 지리산의 이상저온 현상은 동시대나 다음 세대의 기억으로 남아 여러 지리산 유람록에 반영되었다. 다음으로 지리산권의 饑饉과 ?疫에 대한 국가의 구민책은 다른 지역과 다르지 않았다. 다만 ?祭가 晉州와 南原에 設行되었던 것은 지리산과 관련이 있다. 庚辛大饑饉때 지리산권의 남원은 크게 流民이 발생하였으나 진주는 1669년 賑穀을 특별히 비축할 정도로 상대적으로 형편이 나았다. 그러나 진주에도 他道의 유민이 급증하자, 도둑질과 전염병 같은 사회적 문제가 커졌다. 이는 진주를 病鄕, 死地라고 하였던 것과 관련이 있다. 지리산권은 17세기 말기에 갈수록 기근과 여역이 극심하였는데, 이에 대한 국가의 구민책은 앞 시기나 다른 지역과 별다른 차이가 없이 賑恤하는 정도였다. 다만 雲峰은 면세를 받기도 하였다. 끝으로 17세기 소빙기 지리산권은 기민과 유민으로 넘쳐났다. 이들 가운데 賊徒가 되는 경우가 많았다. 이는 지리산 남쪽 岳陽과 花開를 도둑의 淵藪로 보았던 예에서 잘 알 수 있다. 이로써 진주의 수령으로 제수된자들이 부임을 회피하고, 더구나 경신대기근 이후 여역의 창궐로 진주를 병향, 사지로 터부시하였다. 또한 17세기 지리산권의 진주·마천·엄천은 慶尙右兵營설치와 폐해, 屯田과 가혹한 부세를 두고 중앙과 상당한 갈등을 겪었다. 이는 河德寬의 상소와 河弘毅의 상소를 통해서 잘 알 수 있다. 이상의 여러 현상들은 17세기 術書의 유행과 더불어 지리산을 사회변혁세력의 이상적 入據處로 인식하게 된 사회·경제적 배경이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This essay is about Little Ice Age phenomenon shown in the Mt. Jiri region and its social and economic aspect in the 17th century. In the 17th century, hail was witnessed for the whole period in the Mt. Jiri region and which caused tremendous damage to farming. Damages by flood and drought also were continuously appeared. From 1658 until 1690`s, unseasonably cool temperature of little ice age had been come up noticeably in the Mt. Jiri region, and in particular, its damage was very severe at the end of 17th century. Such unusually cold temperature phenomenon of Mt. Jiri in the 17th century has been remembered in the contemporary age or next generation, having reflected in many travel books about Mt. Jiri. In addition, the government`s people relief measures to the gigeun and infection of Mt. Jiri region were not much different from other regions. However, the fact that Yeoje (one of ancestral rites) was placed in Jinju and Namwon cities was related to Mt. Jiri. While there were many drifting people in Namwon located in the Mt. Jiri region during Gyeongsin Dae Gigeun (a severe famine period), Jinju was in relatively better condition to the extent that it was able to stock up grain provided for relief and famine in 1669. However, drafting people from other provinces has sharply increased even in Jinju so that it caused huge social problems such as theft and infectious diseases. Accordingly, it is considered that this might be one of causes having Jinju regarded as diseased town or dead place. Drought damages, famine and contagious diseases in the Mt. Jiri region have been getting worse at the end of 17th century. Unfortunately, however, the government`s relief measures on that were not different from previous times or other regions. IN other words, it just managed to relive the starving people. But Unbong luckily has benefitted from tax exemption. In conclusion, Mt. Jiri region in little ice age was full of starving and drifting people in the 17th century and some of these were likely to become thieves. This is well noticeable by the case that both Ak-yang and Hwa-gae, located in the south of Mt. Jiri, were considered as a den of thieves. Also it was the reason that those who are appointed as a governor of county have avoided Jinju. Besides, as epidemic diseases have been prevalent in Jinju area due to a famine by little ice age, the city came to be badly regarded as diseased town or dead place. Cities of Jinju, Macheon and Umcheon in the Mt. Jiri region have significantly suffered from conflict with the Central Government in terms of installation of Gyeongsangwoobyeongyeong, Dunjeon (land assigned for raising operation cost) and heavy tax in the 17th century, which is well known by the appeals of government officials. An extreme famine occurred by little ice age at the end of 17th century has made martial arts instruction books spread and caused resistance from thieves playing across Mt. Jiri. Accordingly, Mt. Jiri has been perceived as an ideal place to stay for social revolution based on its geographical advantage.