조선전기의 ‘農莊的 地主制’ - ‘私債型’․‘權力型’ 農莊 形成을 중심으로- = Plantational Landlord System in the first half of Cho-sun Period: the plantation based on the private loan and the power based plantation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Cho-sun period, the private loan stemmed from the "relief recommendation" which was one of the relief policies in a famine year. The relief recommendation had three kinds. One of them was the loan of the private grains, namely, the rich's lending grains to the poor farmers and peoples on the condition of interests. In the second half of Cho-sun, as the relief grains of the government grains drained, the private grains of the rich surfaced as an alternative, and government positively recommended the private loan. Particularly, during Seongjong's rein, ministers' loan for high interests was in vogue to the extent that people said "who as a minister does not loan for high interests in this world?" Under the pretext that "people can not survive without the private loan", ministers taking advantage of a fact that there was no fixed due period for repayment waited for the interests to increase. When default occurred, they took the peoples property through a forced selling. Ministers original aim was not so much the high interests as poor peoples lands and property. Being a forced selling, it was none other than an extortion. Therefore, the former's lands were all over the mountains and fields, and if accumulated, amounted to districts and provinces. In the mean time, the latter, against the effects of the private loan relief, sold out family estates, thereby becoming wanderers. The purpose of relief recommendation was lost, and the regulations were needed. In the 10th rein of Seongjong(成宗 10년, 1479), "the Canon for Statesmanship" had a regulation of "collection by presenting a case to the court." In case of default, a creditor could collect the loan by presenting the case to the court only when he reported the lending within 1 year. This regulation caused avoidance of the private loan on the part of the rich families, thereby the ways of supplying the relief grains were blocked. The king and ministers were at a crossroads: to abolish the regulation or to keep it fast. However, while the situation of shortage of relief grains continued, the land possession and the seizure of peoples' property on the part of the rich families got aggravated. However, since the Confucian literati proposed land reformism, the king and ministers could not but adopting the regulation(Jungjong 中宗 13th year, 1518). It was a compromising method to solve the shortage of the relief grains through the private loan, while curbing the land possession and plantation expansion on the part of the rich families. It also was a choice satisfying the class interests of the owners of the plantations based on the private loan.
The power based plantations, in short, were greedy officials' plantations. Both the power and the status of plantations' owner were positive factors in the process of establishing plantations based either on private lands or on reclamation. The lands of those plantations, however, were bestowed in compensations for owners' merits, duty, or the goods and efforts invested in the reclamation of the waste lands and tidal flats. Contrary to this, the lands of power based plantations were mainly seized from farmers through abusing greedy officials' power. First of all, the officials explicitly robbed the common peoples of their lands using their power and status. Secondly, they took peoples' lands either by pressuring the local chiefs or in cooperations with the local officials who were either relatives or relatives by marriage. Thirdly, the local officials, under the pretext of performing duties, either appropriated peoples' lands or seized their lands as the ransom lands through false accusation. Fourthly, taking advantage of the privileges given to the aristocratic class, they persecuted both common peoples and the humbles, thereby making them slaves and seizing their lands. Fifthly, powerful courtiers like Yoon Won-hyung 尹元衡 and Sim Jeon 沈銓 meddled with both personnel affairs and criminal cases and received the bribes in exc...

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Cho-sun period, the private loan stemmed from the "relief recommendation" which was one of the relief policies in a famine year. The relief recommendation had three kinds. One of them was the loan of the private grains, namely, the rich's lending grains to the poor farmers and peoples on the condition of interests. In the second half of Cho-sun, as the relief grains of the government grains drained, the private grains of the rich surfaced as an alternative, and government positively recommended the private loan. Particularly, during Seongjong's rein, ministers' loan for high interests was in vogue to the extent that people said "who as a minister does not loan for high interests in this world?" Under the pretext that "people can not survive without the private loan", ministers taking advantage of a fact that there was no fixed due period for repayment waited for the interests to increase. When default occurred, they took the peoples property through a forced selling. Ministers original aim was not so much the high interests as poor peoples lands and property. Being a forced selling, it was none other than an extortion. Therefore, the former's lands were all over the mountains and fields, and if accumulated, amounted to districts and provinces. In the mean time, the latter, against the effects of the private loan relief, sold out family estates, thereby becoming wanderers. The purpose of relief recommendation was lost, and the regulations were needed. In the 10th rein of Seongjong(成宗 10년, 1479), "the Canon for Statesmanship" had a regulation of "collection by presenting a case to the court." In case of default, a creditor could collect the loan by presenting the case to the court only when he reported the lending within 1 year. This regulation caused avoidance of the private loan on the part of the rich families, thereby the ways of supplying the relief grains were blocked. The king and ministers were at a crossroads: to abolish the regulation or to keep it fast. However, while the situation of shortage of relief grains continued, the land possession and the seizure of peoples' property on the part of the rich families got aggravated. However, since the Confucian literati proposed land reformism, the king and ministers could not but adopting the regulation(Jungjong 中宗 13th year, 1518). It was a compromising method to solve the shortage of the relief grains through the private loan, while curbing the land possession and plantation expansion on the part of the rich families. It also was a choice satisfying the class interests of the owners of the plantations based on the private loan.
The power based plantations, in short, were greedy officials' plantations. Both the power and the status of plantations' owner were positive factors in the process of establishing plantations based either on private lands or on reclamation. The lands of those plantations, however, were bestowed in compensations for owners' merits, duty, or the goods and efforts invested in the reclamation of the waste lands and tidal flats. Contrary to this, the lands of power based plantations were mainly seized from farmers through abusing greedy officials' power. First of all, the officials explicitly robbed the common peoples of their lands using their power and status. Secondly, they took peoples' lands either by pressuring the local chiefs or in cooperations with the local officials who were either relatives or relatives by marriage. Thirdly, the local officials, under the pretext of performing duties, either appropriated peoples' lands or seized their lands as the ransom lands through false accusation. Fourthly, taking advantage of the privileges given to the aristocratic class, they persecuted both common peoples and the humbles, thereby making them slaves and seizing their lands. Fifthly, powerful courtiers like Yoon Won-hyung 尹元衡 and Sim Jeon 沈銓 meddled with both personnel affairs and criminal cases and received the bribes in ex...

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이세영, "조선전기의‘農莊的 地主制’ -‘私田型’･‘開墾型’農莊 形成을 중심으로 -" 역사문화연구소 (45) : 43-108, 2013

2 李鎬澈, "農莊과 小農民經營, In 朝鮮前期農業經濟史" 한길사 1986

3 "經國大典"

4 李榮薰, "朝鮮封建論의 批判的 檢討 - 朝鮮社會의 私的 大土地所有의 存在形態를 中心으로, In 韓國資 本主義性格論爭" 대왕사 1988

5 李載龒, "朝鮮前期의 農莊" 6 : 1989

6 李景植, "朝鮮前期 兩班의 土地所有와 農莊" 94 : 1996

7 有井智德, "朝鮮初期의 私的 土地所有關係 - 民田의 所有․經營․收租關係를 중심으로" 74 : 1967

8 金鴻植, "朝鮮初期에 있어서 幷作制 成立의 歷史的 條件 -주로 奴婢制에서 佃戶制로 移行問題와 關聯하여" 33 : 2-4, 1974

9 "明宗實錄"

10 "成宗實錄"

11 "忠州救荒切要"

12 金鴻植, "封建的 小農民經營의 成立 - 佃戶制 成立의 諸特質, In 朝鮮時代 封建社會의 基本構造" 박영사 1981

13 "宣祖實錄"

14 徐居正, "四佳文集 권2"

15 李榮薰, "古文書를 통해 본 朝鮮前期 奴婢의 經濟的 成格" 9 : 1987

16 "中宗實錄"

17 金建泰, "16세기 양반가의 ‘작개제’" 9 : 1993

18 趙圭煥, "16세기 還穀 運營과 賑資調達方式의 변화" 37 : 155-161, 1997

19 金建泰, "16세기 在地士族의 農莊經營에 대하여 – 안동지방을 중심으로" 7 : 1991

20 金建泰, "16~18世紀 兩班地主層의 農業經營과 農民層의 動向" 成均館大學校 1997

21 安承俊, "1554년 在京士族의 農業經營文書" 8 : 1992