Modern hardware increasingly offers powerful security mechanisms that promise enhanced security for existing software. At the same time, the long-standing OS protection model, built around coarse-grained process isolation, struggles to address the sec...
Modern hardware increasingly offers powerful security mechanisms that promise enhanced security for existing software. At the same time, the long-standing OS protection model, built around coarse-grained process isolation, struggles to address the security and performance demands of modern software. Thus, recent research attempts to retrofit hardware-assisted security into the existing OS-enforced protection. Unfortunately, ad-hoc security retrofits lead to incoherent protection models, leaving gaps that attackers can exploit. This dissertation argues that effective system security requires coherent protection: hardware-assisted protection models must align systematically with those implemented by the OS and vice versa. Through the lens of coherent protection, the dissertation examines two emerging challenges: (1) hardware-assisted in-process isolation, and (2) side-channel mitigation in VM-level trusted execution environments. To address these challenges, it presents two systems, Capacity and IncognitOS, which retrofit OS security mechanisms to modern hardware features without sacrificing compatibility. Capacity demonstrates how intra-process isolation domains can be made coherent with legacy OS isolation. Toward this end, it introduces a cryptographically-authenticated capabilities abstraction, inspired by modern ARM hardware primitives such as Pointer Authentication and Memory Tagging. IncognitOS addresses the challenge of aligning OS-level behavior with hardware-enforced Confidential Virtual Machines (CVMs) for security. It redesigns OS capabilities — scheduling and memory management — to mitigate side-channel leakage in CVMs while preserving compatibility and performance. Together, these systems provide practical blueprints for reconciling modern hardware security primitives with long-standing OS protection models. They demonstrate that, through principled retrofitting, contemporary systems can leverage new hardware capabilities without sacrificing performance, compatibility, or security. The ideas presented in this dissertation contribute to the vision of secure computing infrastructures, where hardware and software collaborate seamlessly to defend against current and emerging threats.