Effective biological integration of the bone-cartilage interface remains a significant challenge in the field of orthopedics. Existing clinical and tissue engineering approaches have limitations in fully reconstructing the organic connection between t...
Effective biological integration of the bone-cartilage interface remains a significant challenge in the field of orthopedics. Existing clinical and tissue engineering approaches have limitations in fully reconstructing the organic connection between these two tissues, which possess distinct physical properties. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an in vivo implantable tissue engineering scaffold by establishing an osteoblast-chondrocyte co-culture system based on Poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA) scaffolds pre-treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). We sought to investigate whether this scaffold promotes healing and integration of the bone-cartilage interface and to determine if PRP functions as a biological adjuvant to enhance the co-culture process and integration capability.
Chondrocytes and osteoblasts were co-cultured on PLGA scaffolds, and cell culture outcomes and healing efficacy were compared based on the application of PRP. For in vitro evaluation for the co-culture process, cell adhesion and proliferation rates were measured. Phenotype maintenance was verified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and microstructural distribution was confirmed using scanning field emission electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. To assess the healing efficacy of the co-culture scaffolds, in vivo evaluations were conducted. A gap-mimic construct consisting of bone, the scaffold, and cartilage was assembled and implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c-nude mice. Specimens were harvested at 4 and 8 weeks post-implantation to analyze macroscopic bonding, histological cellular invasion, and quantitative attachment rates. Additionally, the PRP-treated group was compared with the non-treated group during both the co-culture process and the scaffold healing efficacy evaluation to further confirm the role of PRP as a biological adjuvant.
In vitro analysis revealed that co-cultured osteoblasts and chondrocytes adhered and proliferated on PLGA scaffolds while maintaining their phenotypes. PRP treatment further increased chondrocyte proliferation by 115% and osteoblast proliferation by 20%. In vivo analysis showed that cell-seeded scaffolds exhibited significantly higher attachment rates at the bone-cartilage interface compared to acellular controls. Furthermore, they demonstrated active tissue integration, characterized by interdigitation and cellular invasion between bone-cartilage interface, beyond simple physical contact. Notably, the PRP-treated group showed the highest attachment rate (82.3%) and the highest frequency of cellular invasion (5/6 specimens) at 8 weeks post-implantation. Cellular invasion was observed as early as 4 weeks in the PRP group, indicating that PRP accelerates the healing process of the interface.
In conclusion, this study confirmed that PLGA scaffolds containing co-cultured chondrocytes and osteoblasts with preserved their own phenotype can promote bone-cartilage interface integration. Cell-seeded scaffolds demonstrated superior results in both attachment rates and cellular invasion frequency compared to acellular scaffolds, and the combined use of PRP enhanced these effects. PRP appears to play an adjunctive role in improving initial cell adhesion and proliferation and accelerating histological integration at the interface. These findings suggest that a scaffold-based approach combining co-cultured cells and PRP serves as a promising bioengineering strategy for bone-cartilage interface regeneration.