Medium Earth Orbit Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) support a wide range of critical infrastructures. However, because GNSS signals are received with very low power, they are vulnerable to radio frequency interference. To mitigate this limit...
Medium Earth Orbit Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) support a wide range of critical infrastructures. However, because GNSS signals are received with very low power, they are vulnerable to radio frequency interference. To mitigate this limitation, navigation systems based on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have drawn attention as complementary or backup solutions to conventional GNSS, since LEO satellites can provide higher received signal power. As a result, research on architectures for LEO based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (LEO-PNT) systems has been actively conducted. This study focuses on the operation of a dedicated regional LEO PNT system and examines its operational strategies and key design considerations.
This work investigates the conditions required to maintain stable Signal In Space User Range Error (SIS-URE), while considering major operational factors such as the satellite constellation, onboard clock type, the use of Inter Satellite Links (ISL), and the availability of an onboard GNSS receiver. The constellation determines how many satellites can be simultaneously observed and controlled over a target region. Due to the low altitude and rapid motion of LEO satellites, maintaining stable service requires securing a sufficient number of satellites. The onboard clock directly affects system time synchronization and ranging accuracy. Although high performance atomic clocks provide superior stability, they also impose constraints related to power consumption and cost. Therefore, selecting an appropriate clock must reflect mission objectives and operational conditions. The use of ISL is another key factor. When ISL is not used, each satellite must communicate with the ground segment independently to support ranging, orbit information delivery, and time synchronization, which increases reliance on ground infrastructure and limits service continuity. In contrast, when ISL is employed, data acquired by a satellite connected to a ground station can be shared with other satellites, improving system level efficiency and significantly reducing dependence on the ground segment. This operational approach, however, requires high performance communication payloads and precise link maintenance. In addition, equipping LEO satellites with a GNSS receiver can reduce the operational burden on the ground segment by enabling autonomous orbit determination and time synchronization. Nevertheless, if a LEO PNT system is intended to serve as a backup system, it must also be capable of independent operation without relying on GNSS.
By integrating these considerations, this study establishes an operational concept for the ground segment of a dedicated regional LEO PNT system. Multiple operational scenarios are constructed based on combinations of onboard clock type, ISL availability, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver capability. The feasibility of ground segment operation is then comparatively evaluated across scenarios. Under the constrained assumption that only a single uplink ground station antenna is available, this study performs uplink scheduling optimization using a genetic algorithm. The resulting scheduling efficiency and SIS URE performance are analyzed in comparison with a greedy scheduling baseline. Based on these results, this study proposes a regional LEO PNT system architecture and a ground segment operational strategy that account for the scale of ground infrastructure and practical operational constraints.
By integrating these considerations, this study establishes an operational concept for the ground segment of a dedicated regional LEO PNT system. Multiple operational scenarios are constructed based on combinations of onboard clock type, ISL availability, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver capability. The feasibility of ground segment operation is then comparatively evaluated across scenarios. Under the constrained assumption that only a single uplink ground station antenna is available, this study performs uplink scheduling optimization using a genetic algorithm. The resulting scheduling efficiency and SIS URE performance are analyzed in comparison with a greedy scheduling baseline. Based on these results, this study proposes a regional LEO PNT system architecture and a ground segment operational strategy that account for the scale of ground infrastructure and practical operational constraints.