Final programmatic environmental impact statement related to decontamination and disposal of radioactive wastes resulting from March 28, 1979, accident Three Mile Island nuclear station, unit 2

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• SUMMARY = ⅰ
• PREFACE = xv
• TABLE OF CONTENTS = xvi
• LIST OF TABLES = xxii
• LIST OF FIGURES = xxxii
• FOREWORD = xxxv
• 1. INTRODUCTION = 1-1
• 1.1 Purpose and Scope = 1-1
• 1.2 History of the Plant and Its Present Status = 1-2
• 1.3 summary of Licensee's Objectives, Proposed Actions, and Schedule = 1-6
• 1.4 Public concerns = 1-7
• 1.5 Decontamination Experience at Other Nuclear facilities = 1-9
• 1.5.1 Experience with Initial Entries into High Contaminated Facilities = 1-10
• 1.5.2 Experience with Decontamination of Building Interior Surfaces and Equipment = 1-12
• 1.5.3 Experience with Removal of Damaged Cores = 1-13
• 1.5.4 Experience with Decontamination of Reactor Coolant Systems = 1-14
• 1.5.5 Environmental Impact = 1-15
• 1.5.6 Comparison with TMI-2 = 1-16
• 1.6 Regulatory Requirements, Other constraints, and Future Criteria = 1-17
• 1.6.1 Regulatory Requirements = 1-17
• 1.6.2 Other Constraints = 1-23
• 1.6.3 Future Criteria = 1-24
• References - Section 1 = 1-28
• 2. MAJOR DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES = 2-1
• 2.1 Decontamination of the Facility = 2-2
• 2.1.1 No Action - Maintain safe Shutdown = 2-3
• 2.1.2 Decontamination of buildings and the Assorted Support Facilities = 2-4
• 2.1.3 Reactor Core Removal and Decontamination of the Nuclear Steam Supply System = 2-8
• 2.2 Decommissioning = 2-10
• 2.2.1 Rationale of Initial cleanup Activities = 2-12
• 2.2.2 Decommissioning Alternatives = 2-13
• 2.2.3 Waste Volumes Generated during Decommissioning = 2-15
• 2.2.4 Effluents and releases to the Environment = 2-15
• 2.2.5 Environment Impacts = 2-15
• 2.2.6Decommissioning Costs = 2-18
• 2.3 Disposal of Radioactive Waste = 2-18
• 2.3.1 Waste Characterization = 2-19
• 2.3.2 Classification = 2-23
• 2.3.3 Alternatives for Disposition of Radioactive Waste = 2-25
• Reference - Section 2 = 2-32
• 3. THE ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION WHICH MAY BE AFFECTED = 3-1
• 3.1 Location of the site and Access Facilities = 3-1
• 3.2 Geology = 3-1
• 3.3 Meteorology = 3-5
• 3.3.1 Regional Climatology = 3-5
• 3.3.2 Local Meteorology = 3-6
• 3.4 Hydrology and water Use = 3-6
• 3.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology = 3-6
• 3.4.2 Surface Water Uses = 3-12
• 3.4.3 Surface Water Quality = 3-14
• 3.4.4 Groundwater Hydrology = 3-16
• 3.5 Ecology = 3-17
• 3.5.1 Aquatic = 3-17
• 3.5.2 Terrestrial = 3-18
• 3.6 Population, Land Use, and Other Socioeconomic Considerations = 3-20
• 3.6.1 Population groups and geographic Areas of Interest = 3-20
• 3.6.2 Socioeconomic Status of the Region = 3-21
• 3.6.3 Psychological setting = 3-24
• 3.6.4 Susquehanna River／Chesapeake Bay = 3-25
• References - Section 3 = 3-32
• 4. MAINTENANCE OF THE REACTOR IN SAFE CONDITION = 4-1
• 4.1 Objectives and Actions = 4-1
• 4.2 Monitoring of Reactor and Reactor Building = 4-1
• 4.3 Decay Heat Removal = 4-1
• 4.3.1 Decay-Heat Removal Mechanisms = 4-2
• 4.3.2 Available Decay-Heat-Removal Systems = 4-2
• 4.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 4-3
• 4.4.1 Normal Releases = 4-3
• 4.4.2 Accident Scenarios and Associated Releases = 4-5
• 4.5 Environmental Impacts = 4-8
• 4.5.1 Occupational Doses = 4-8
• 4.5.2 Offsite Doses = 4-8
• 4.5.3 Postulated Accident Effects = 4-9
• 4.5.4 Psychological-Socioeconomic Effects = 4-9
• References - Section 4 = 4-9
• 5. BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION = 5-1
• 5.1 Auxiliary and Fuel Handling Buildings = 5-4
• 5.1.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 5-4
• 5.1.2 Methods Used and Alternatives Considered = 5-6
• 5.1.3 Details of Feasible Methods and Facilities = 5-8
• 5.1.4 Effluents and releases to the environment = 5-10
• 5.1.5 Environmental Impacts = 5-13
• 5.1.6 Economic Costs = 5-19
• 5.2 Reactor Building = 5-19
• 5.2.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 5-20
• 5.2.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 5-27
• 5.2.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 5-33
• 5.2.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 5-42
• 5.2.5 Environmental Impacts = 5-45
• 5.2.6 Economic Cost = 5-50
• References - Section 5 = 5-50
• 6. REACTOR DEFUELING AND PRIMARY SYSTEM DECONTAMINATION = 6-1
• 6.1 Handling of Primary Coolant System Water = 6-1
• 6.1.1 Preparation for Reactor Head Removal = 6-1
• 6.1.2 Removal of RPV Head and Internals = 6-1
• 6.1.3 Reactor Defueling = 6-2
• 6.1.4 Primary System Flush and Drain = 6-2
• 6.1.5 Decontamination of the Primary system components = 6-2
• 6.2 Reactor Coolant system Inspection = 6-2
• 6.2.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 6-2
• 6.2.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 6-3
• 6.2.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 6-3
• 6.2.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 6-5
• 6.2.5 Environmental Impacts = 6-5
• 6.2.6 Economic Costs = 6-6
• 6.3 Removal of the RPV Head and Internals = 6-6
• 6.3.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 6-6
• 6.3.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 6-8
• 6.3.3 Details of Alternative Methods and Facilities = 6-9
• 6.3.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 6-13
• 6.3.5 Environmental Impacts = 6-14
• 6.3.6 Economic Costs = 6-15
• 6.4 Core Examination and Defueling = 6-18
• 6.4.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 6-18
• 6.4.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 6-18
• 6.4.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 6-19
• 6.4.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 6-23
• 6.4.5 Environmental Impacts = 6-24
• 6.4.6 Economic Costs = 6-25
• 6.5 Decontamination of Primary System components = 6-27
• 6.5.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 6-27
• 6.5.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 6-28
• 6.5.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 6-29
• 6.5.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 6-34
• 6.5.5 Environmental Impacts = 6-38
• 6.5.6 Economic Costs = 6-41
• References - Section 6 = 6-43
• 7. WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND PROCESSED WATER DISPOSAL = 7-1
• 7.1 Liquid Waste Treatment = 7-1
• 7.1.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 7-2
• 7.1.2 Alternative Considered = 7-8
• 7.1.3 Details of Liquid Waste Treatment Alternatives = 7-12
• 7.1.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 7-28
• 7.1.5 Environmental Impacts = 7-31
• 7.1.6 Liquid Processing Costs = 7-42
• 7.1.7 Comparison of Liquid Waste Treatment Alternatives = 7-43
• 7.2 Disposal of Processed Water = 7-43
• 7.2.1 Current Status and Projected Water Disposal Requirements = 7-45
• 7.2.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 7-46
• 7.2.3 Details of Alternative Methods = 7-51
• 7.2.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 7-55
• 7.2.5 Environmental Impacts = 7-60
• 7.2.6 Liquid Disposal Costs = 7-81
• 7.2.7 Comparison of Processed Water Disposal Alternatives = 7-82
• References - Section 7 = 7-84
• 8. SOLID WASTE PACKAGING AND HANDLING = 8-1
• 8.1 Process Solid Wastes = 8-1
• 8.1.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 8-1
• 8.1.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 8-4
• 8.1.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 8-14
• 8.1.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 8-21
• 8.1.5 Environmental Impacts = 8-26
• 8.1.6 Economic Costs = 8-40
• 8.2 Chemical Decontamination Solutions = 8-40
• 8.2.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 8-40
• 8.2.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 8-40
• 8.2.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 8-43
• 8.2.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 8-43
• 8.2.5 Environmental Impacts = 8-45
• 8.2.6 Economic Costs = 8-47
• 8.3 Solid Materials = 8-48
• 8.3.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 8-48
• 8.3.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 8-51
• 8.3.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 8-55
• 8.3.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 8-60
• 8.3.5 Environmental Impacts = 8-63
• 8.3.6 Economic Costs = 8-66
• 8.4 Fuel Assemblies and Core Debris = 8-75
• 8.4.1 Status and Specific Considerations = 8-75
• 8.4.2 Alternative Methods Considered = 8-76
• 8.4.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 8-77
• 8.4.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 8-78
• 8.4.5 Environmental Impacts = 8-78
• 8.4.6 Economic Costs = 8-78
• References - Section 8 = 8-78
• 9. STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, AND DISPOSAL OF FUEL AND SOLID WAST = 9-1
• 9.1 Current Status and Applicable Constraints = 9-1
• 9.1.1 Waste Management Activities to Date = 9-1
• 9.1.2 Waste Package and shipment Parameter = 9-1
• 9.1.3 Requlatory and Technical constraints = 9-5
• 9.2 Alternative Methods considered = 9-14
• 9.2.1 Storage = 9-14
• 9.2.2 Disposal = 9-16
• 9.2.3 Transportation = 9-17
• 9.3 Details of Methods and Facilities = 9-18
• 9.3.1 Storage = 9-18
• 9.3.2 Disposal = 9-26
• 9.3.3 Transportation = 9-26
• 9.4 Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 9-27
• 9.5 Environmental Impacts = 9-27
• 9.5.1 Normal conditions = 9-27
• 9.5.2 Accident Effects = 9-32
• 9.5.3 Psychological-Socioeconomic Effects = 9-36
• 9.6 Economic Costs = 9-36
• References - Section 9 = 9-37
• 10. SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES = 10-1
• 10.1 Summary of Effluents and Releases to the Environment = 10-1
• 10.2 Summary of Occupational Doses and Health Effects = 10-5
• 10.2.1 Occupational Doses = 10-5
• 10.2.2 Duration of Effort = 10-5
• 10.2.3 Health Effects = 10-9
• 10.3 Offsite Doses and Health Effects from Normal Operation = 10-10
• 10.3.1 Dose Commitments from Radioactive Releases to the Atmosphere = 10-10
• 10.3.2 Dose Commitments from Radioactive Liquid releases to the Hydrosphere = 10-14
• 10.3.3 Transportation of Radioactive Material = 10-15
• 10.3.4 Radiological Impact on Man = 10-16
• 10.4 Doses from Postulated Accidents = 10-20
• 10.4.1 Dose Commitments from Accidental Radioactive Releases to the Atmosphere = 10-20
• 10.4.2 Dose Commitments from Accidental Radioactive Liquid releases to the Hydrosphere = 10-23
• 10.5 Potential Releases Due to External Events = 10-25
• 10.5.1 Potential Releases due to Flooding = 10-25
• 10.5.2 Potential Releases Due to Tornado = 10-27
• 10.5.3 Potential for Releases Due to Aircraft Impact = 10-28
• 10.6 Psychological-Socioeconomic Effects = 10-29
• 10.7 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources = 10-30
• 10.7.1 Commitments Considered = 10-30
• 10.7.2 Material Resources = 10-31
• 10.7.3 Water and Air Resources = 10-31
• 10.7.4 Land Resources = 10-31
• 10.8 summary of Economic Costs of the TMI-2 Cleanup = 10-31
• References - Section 10 = 10-32
• 11. ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING = 11-1
• 11.1 Introduction = 11-1
• 11.2 Metropolitan Edison Company Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-1
• 11.3 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-1
• 11.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-3
• 11.5 U. S. Department of Energy Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-4
• 11.5.1 Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-4
• 11.5.2 Atmospheric Release Advisory Capacity = 11-4
• 11.5.3 Community Monitoring Program = 11-4
• 11.6 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Radiological Monitoring Program = 11-4
• 11.7 State of Maryland Monitoring Program = 11-5
• 11.8 Contingency Surveillance Procedures = 11-5
• 11.9 Reporting Procedures = 11-5
• 11.9.1 Immediate Reporting Procedures = 11-6
• 11.9.2 Reporting Data into the Data Base = 11-6
• 11.9.3 Reporting Information to the News Media = 11-6
• 11.10 Monitoring of Aquatic Ecology and Recreational Fisheries of the Susquehanna River = 11-6
• 12. CONCLUSION = 12-1
• 13. DISCUSSION OF COMMENTS OF THE DRAFT PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT = 13-1
• 13.1 General = 13-2
• 13.2 Major Programmatic Alternatives = 13-15
• 13.3 TMI Vicinity and Downstream Area = 13-18
• 13.4 Reactor Safety Prior to Refueling = 13-22
• 13.5 Decontamination of Buildings and Equipment = 13-24
• 13.6 Reactor Defueling and Primary system Cleanup = 13-27
• 13.7 Water Processing and Processed Water Disposal = 13-31
• 13.8 Solid Waste Management = 13-36
• 13.9 Radiological Effects = 13-55
• 13.10 Accidents and Severe Natural Phenomena = 13-80
• 13.11 Socioeconomic and Psychological Effects = 13-83
• 13.12 Financial aspects of TMI-2 Cleanup = 13-85
• GLOSSARY = GL-1
• APPENDICES
• Appencix A. Comments of the Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement = A-1
• Appendix B. Commission's Statement of Policy and Notice of Intent to Prepare a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement = B.1
• Appendix C. "Final Environmental Assessment for Decontamination of the Three Mile Island Unite 2 Reactor Building Atmosphere, Final NRC Staff Report," U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0662, May 1980 = C-1
• Appendix D. "Environmental Assessment for Use of EPICOR-Ⅱat Three Mile Island, Unit 2," U. S. Unclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0591, October 3, 1979 = D-1
• Appendix E. Fish and Fisheries of York Heaven Pond and Conowingo Pond of the Susquehanna River and Upper Chesapeake Bay = E-1
• Appendix F. Reuse of Accident Water = F-1
• Appendix G. Engineering Considerations for Treatment of TMI-2 Accident-Generated Liquid Waste = G-1
• Appendix H. Engineering Considerations Related to Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes = H-1
• Appendix I. Justification for Radiation Fields Used in Section 6 = I-1
• Appendix K. Economic Cost Basis = K-1
• Appendix L. Average Individual Quarterly Dose Limits Used in Determinations of Work Force Estimates = L-1
• Appendix M. "Long-Term Environmental Radiation Surveillance Plan for Three Mile Island," U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981 = M-1
• Appendix N. Occupational Radiation Exposure during Onsite Waste Handling = N-1
• Appendix O. Decontamination Status of Auxiliary and Fuel Handling Buildings = O-1
• Appendix P. Chemical Systems for Decontamination of Primary System Components = P-1
• Appendix Q. Onsite Storage Facility = Q-1
• Appendix R. Proposed Additions to Technical Specifications for TMI-2 Cleanup Program = R-1
• Appendix S. Calculations of Discharge of Processed Accident Water to the Atmosphere = S-1
• Appendix T. The Behavior of Sorbable Radionuclides in the Susqehanna River and Chesapeake Bay = T-1
• Appendix U. Decommissioning of TMI-2 = U-1
• Appendix V. Assessment of Groundwater Liquid Pathway from Leakage of Containment Water at Three Mile Island, Unit 2 = V-1
• Appendix W. Calculation Models and Parameters Used in Estimating Doses, and Interpretation of Model Results = W-1
• Appendix X. Contributors to the PEIS = X-1
• Appendix Y. Scheduled Meetings for Discussion of TMI-2 Cleanup Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (1980) = Y-1
• Appendix Z. Health Effects Estimators = Z-1
• [Volume. 2]----------
• CONTENTS
• APPENDICES
• Appendix A. Comments on the Draft Programatic Environmental Impact Statement = A-1
• Appendix B. Commission's Statement of Policy and Notice of Intent to Prepare a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement = B-1
• Appendix C. "Final Environmental Assessment for Decontamination of the Three Mile Island Unite 2 Reactor Building Atmosphere, Final NRC Staff Report," U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0662, May 1980 = C-1
• Appendix D. "Environmental Assessment for Use of EPICOR-Ⅱat Three Mile Island, Unit 2," U. S. Unclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0591, October 3, 1979 = D-1
• Appendix E. Fish and Fisheries of York Heaven Pond and Conowingo Pond of the Susquehanna River and Upper Chesapeake Bay = E-1
• Appendix F. Reuse of Accident Water = F-1
• Appendix G. Engineering Considerations for Treatment of TMI-2 Accident-Generated Liquid Waste = G-1
• Appendix H. Engineering Considerations Related to Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes = H-1
• Appendix I. Justification for Radiation Fields Used in Section 6 = I-1
• Appendix K. Economic Cost Basis = K-1
• Appendix L. Average Individual Quarterly Dose Limits Used in Determinations of Work Force Estimates = L-1
• Appendix M. "Long-Term Environmental Radiation Surveillance Plan for Three Mile Island," U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981 = M-1
• Appendix N. Occupational Radiation Exposure during Onsite Waste Handling = N-1
• Appendix O. Decontamination Status of Auxiliary and Fuel Handling Buildings = O-1
• Appendix P. Chemical Systems for Decontamination of Primary System Components = P-1
• Appendix Q. Onsite Storage Facility = Q-1
• Appendix R. Proposed Additions to Technical Specifications for TMI-2 Cleanup Program = R-1
• Appendix S. Calculations of Discharge of Processed Accident Water to the Atmosphere = S-1
• Appendix T. The Behavior of Sorbable Radionuclides in the Susqehanna River and Chesapeake Bay = T-1
• Appendix U. Decommissioning of TMI-2 = U-1
• Appendix V. Assessment of Groundwater Liquid Pathway from Leakage of Containment Water at Three Mile Island, Unit 2 = V-1