Mushrooms (Basidiomycetes) are considered to be an important resource for nutrient foods, beneficial and non-toxic medicines. In order to develop natural resources that can be used as food or medicine from mycelial products of fungi, mycelia of Fomite...
Mushrooms (Basidiomycetes) are considered to be an important resource for nutrient foods, beneficial and non-toxic medicines. In order to develop natural resources that can be used as food or medicine from mycelial products of fungi, mycelia of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus were cultured on brown rice. And then enzymatic and physiological activity of mycelial products were primarily investigated. To strengthen functional activity, pine needles and turmeric powder were added on brown rice and then physiological activity of the mycelial products were also investigated. Moreover, to test if the mycelial products would be used to make useful fermented foods, the mycelial culture products were used in rice wine and Deonjang processing. Then the quality of Deonjang and rice wine were investigated.
1. Culturing of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus on brown rice, and activity of enzymes.
1) The growth rate of mycelia of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus on brown rice showed 3.61±0.03 mm/day and 2.34±0.01 mm/day, respectively.
2) The activity of α-amylase of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products was 71.46 unit and 63.17 unit after 20 days fermentation, respectively. And activity increased according to fermentation period.
3) The activity of β-amylase of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial products was 29.57 unit and 19.21 unit after fermentation, respectively.
4) The activity of protease of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial products was 42.18 unit and 24.7 unit after 20 days fermentation, respectively. the activity of Fomitella fraxinea was higher than that of Phellinus linteus.
2. Content of chitin, ergosterol and physiological activities of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture extracts on brown rice added pine needles and turmeric powder.
1) Chitin content from mycelial products of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus increased 30?70% and 22?26% by adding pine needles and turmeric powders, respectively.
2) Ergosterol content of Fomitella fraxinea mycelial culture product added pine-needles and turmeric powder increased about 6.5 times, and that of Phellinus linteus mycelial culture product increased about 25% and 54% by adding pine needles and turmeric powders, respectively.
3) Physiological activities of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products on brown rice added pine needles and turmeric powder.
(1) Total polyphenol content of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products extracted by water was higher than that of alcohol extract, Total polyphenol content slightly increased by adding pine needles and turmeric powders.
(2) Electron donating ability of Fomitella fraxinea mycelial culture product was higher in water extract than in ethanol extract, and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture product by ethanol was higher than by water, and when pine-needle and turmeric powder was added, the electron donating ability increased.
(3) Total flavonoid content of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products extracted by ethanol was higher than by water, when pine-needle and turmeric powder were added.
(4) Nitrite scavenging activity of Fomitella fraxinea mycelial culture product added pine-needles was higher, and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture product extracted by ethanol was higher than by water, especially, nitrite scavenging activity of ethanol extract added pine-needles at pH 1.2 showed about 70%.
(5) Fibrinolytic activity of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products on brown rice was higher about 10% than plasmin, and fibrinolytic activity was decreased, when pine-needles and turmeric powder are added.
(6) Tyrosinase inhibition activity of Fomitella fraxinea mycelial culture product what was extracted by water was higher than by ethanol, and inhibition activity showed 87.34% and 82.75% by adding pine needles and turmeric powders., respectively. Phellinus linteus mycelial culture product extracted by water was higher than by ethanol, and when pine-needles added, inhibition activity was 71.84%.
(7) Physiological activity at animal cell model
- Cytotoxicity of NIH-3T3 was not observed. The HT-29 showed very strong anticancer activity according to Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products extracted by water, and Cytotoxicity of Fomitella fraxinea added by pine-needles was 47%.
- Cytotoxicity of RAW 264.7 was not observed. NO inhibition activity of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products extracted by ethanol and water showed 3.5?81.4% and 32.6?80.9%, respectively. Especially, NO inhibition activity of Phellinus linteus mycelial culture product extracts added turmeric powder showed highest.
- Cytotoxicity of B16F10 (melanoma cell) was not observed. The Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products extracted by water showed superior inhibition activity of melanin pigment. And the inhibition ability was 66?90% compared with arbutin.
- The lipid cell differentiation ability was slightly higher at Phellinus linteus mycelial culture products, which added by pine-needles and turmeric powder.
3. Processing of rice wine with mushroom koji on brown rice.
1) In the measurement of Hunter color L*-, a*- and b*-value of fermented rice wine by Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial koji, it conformed that L*-value of fermented wine by Fomitella fraxinea mycelial koji increased, and a*- and b*-value of fermented rice wine by Phellinus linteus mycelial koji increased. The turbidity was higher with increasing of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial koji addition rate.
2) Using Phellinus linteus mycelial koji in the processing of rice wine was suitable for rice saccharification. Fermentation times and acidity increased as the rate of mushroom koji increased, and the alcohol content was superior when the proportion of Phellinus linteus mycelial koji and improved nuruk was 1 : 2.
3) The fructose content of rice wine mash by mushroom koji slightly increased after fermentation, and glucose was largely increased as rate of Fomitella fraxinea and Phellinus linteus mycelial koji addition increased. The organic acid, tartarate and malate of rice wine fermented by mushroom koji slightly increased after fermentation, but content of lactate largely increased.
4) In the sensory test of rice wine, overall acceptability was lower than control, but the taste of rice wine fermented by Phellinus linteus mycelial koji and nuruk(1 : 2) was similar compared to control.
4. Processing of Deonjang by mushroom koji on brown rice.
1) The Hunter L*-value of Deonjang fermented by mushroom koji increased compared to control, but a*-value was lower than control. The L*- and a*-value of Deonjang fermented by Fomitella fraxinea mycelial koji was higher than Deonjang fermented by Phellinus linteus mycelial koji, and the b*-value was higher in the Deonjang fermented by Fomitella fraxinea mycelial koji.
2) The content of amino nitrogen of Doenjang fermented by Fomitella fraxinea mycelial koji was higher than that of Doenjang fermented by Phellinus linteus mycelial koji, which of Doenjang fermented by mushroom koji was lower than control.
3) The content of essential amino acids increased by mushroom koji fermentation. Essential amino acids content of Doenjang fermented by Fomitella fraxinea mycelial koji was slightly higher than that of Doenjang fermented by Phellinus linteus mycelial koji.
4) The content of GABA(γ-aminobutyric acid) of Doenjang fermented by mushroom koji increased 1.3?2.3 times.
5) In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability of Doenjang fermented by mushroom koji was superior, especially Phellinus linteus Doenjang was generally satisfied.