사하라 무역로와 서아프리카 수단지역 문명의 발전 = The Trans-Saharan Trade Route and Development of the Western Sudan Civilization

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사하라 사막을 넘어 무역이 본격적으로 이루어지기 이전부터 북아프리카와 서아프리카 수단 지역의 교류가 있었다는 것은 분명한 사실이다. 낙타가 이용되면서 장거리 사하라 무역로가 발전하게 되었고 이에 따라 서아프리카수단 지역의 사회·경제적 관계가 역동적으로 변화하게 만들었다. 사회의 수직적·계층적 구조가 형성되었고 지배와 통치체제가 발달하여 중앙집권적 왕국이나 제국이 발전할 수 있게 만들었다.
사하라 무역로는 복잡한 그물처럼 교차되어 구성되었다. 중요한 무역로는 가나왕국에서 모로코(Morocco)까지; 팀북투(Timbuktu)에서 튀니스(Tunis)까지; 카노(Kano)에서 아가데스(Agades), 가트(Ghat)와 가다메스(Ghadames)를 거쳐 튀니스와 트리폴리까지; 그리고 보르누(Bornu)에서 빌마(Bilma)와 무르주크(Murzuk)를 거쳐 트리폴리까지 이어졌고 가트와 트리폴리로부터 이집트까지 계속 이어졌다
아랍인들의 관점에서는 금과 노예가 서아프리카 수단 지역과의 무역에서 가장 중요한 품목이었던 반면, 서아프리카인의 관점에서는 소금이 가장 중요한 품목이었다. 근동의 철기기술이 페니키아 선원들과 베르베르 상인들에 근동의 철기기술을 사하라 무역로를 통해 전해주었으며 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 발전을 가능하게 하였다.
사하라 무역은 철기기술의 전파와 함께 서아프리카의 수단 지역 문명의 발전에 중요한 기여를 했다. 특히 수단 지역에 출현한 가나(Ghana), 말리(Mali), 송가이(Songhai), 그리고 카넴-보르누(Kanem-Bornu) 왕국은 사하라 무역을 기반으로 흥망성쇠를 이어갔다. 중세 서아프리카의 문명은 북아프리카 및 사하라 사막 북부지역과 현재의 기니 만 연안의 남부지역의 중계무역으로 꽃을 피웠다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is clear that there has been an exchange between North Africa and Western Sudan prior to the full-fledged trade beyond the Sahara Desert. The use of camels led to the development of the Trans-Saharan trade route, which dynamically changed the socio-economic relationship in the West African region. A vertical and hierarchical societal structure has been formed, and dominance and rule of government was developed so that a centralized kingdom or empire can develop.
The Sahara trade route was constructed as a complex net. Some of the important trade routes include from the Kingdom of Ghana to Morocco; from Timbuktu to Tunis; from Kano to Tunis and Tripoli through Agades, Ghat and Ghadames; and continued from Borno to Tripoli through Bilma and Murzuk; then continued from Gat and Tripoli to Egypt.
From the Arabs viewpoint, gold and slaves were the most important items to trade with Western Sudan, while salt was the most important item for the West Africans. The iron technology of the Near East was provided to Phoenician sailors and Berber merchants through the Sahara Trade Route, enabling the development of Western Sudan civilization.
The Sahara trade contributed to the development of Western Sudan civilization with the spread of iron technology. Particularly in the Sudan areas, the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kanem-Bornu have risen and declined based on the Sahara trade. Western Sudan civilization blossomed as a transit trade between North Africa or the northern region of Sahara Desert and the southern region of the Gulf of Guinea coast.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론
• 2. 북아프리카와 서아프리카 수단 지역의 교류
• 3. 사하라 무역로의 발전
• 4. 사하라 무역로와 철기기술의 전파
• 5. 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명
• 6. 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 정체성
• 5. 결론
• 〈참고문헌〉
• Abstract
• 국문초록

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