Recent climate anomalies driven by global warming have emerged as major societal challenges. The primary cause of global warming is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases resulting from industrialization. This has prompted countries worldwide to s...
Recent climate anomalies driven by global warming have emerged as major societal challenges. The primary cause of global warming is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases resulting from industrialization. This has prompted countries worldwide to strengthen regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon-neutrality policies. Consequently, environmentally friendly energy sources capable of replacing fossil fuels have become increasingly important. Among the various green energy options, hydrogen energy has attracted significant attention as a next-generation energy carrier due to its high energy density and ability to be produced and utilized without emitting carbon. To leverage hydrogen energy fully, we must establish fuel-cell technologies that generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen.
Of the various types of fuel cells, Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been extensively developed over the past few decades and is already being used in commercial systems. However, ensuring long-term durability is one of the most urgent challenges to the widespread commercialization of PEMFC technologies. The primary factor limiting long-term durability is the chemical degradation of polymeric materials, such as the electrolyte membrane. This degradation is induced by radical species generated during PEMFC operation, particularly through phenomena such as gas crossover. Incorporating radical scavengers into PEMFC components has been recognized as an effective strategy to mitigate such chemical degradation. Cerium-based radical scavengers, which undergo fast and reversible Ce3+⇌Ce4+ redox cycling, are particularly prevalent.
Despite their advantages, cerium-based scavengers have critical limitations depending on their physicochemical form. Salt-type scavengers (Ce3+) readily interact with the sulfonate (SO3-) groups of the electrolyte membrane, which reduces proton conductivity. These scavengers are further eluted into the electrode layer under PEMFC operating conditions, causing performance deterioration. In contrast, oxide-type scavengers (CeO₂) have inherently slow regeneration kinetics (Ce4+ → Ce3+), which are up to two orders of magnitude slower than the oxidation step. This results in insufficient long-term durability. Furthermore, CeO2 can generate additional radicals through side reactions during operation.
Evaluating radical scavenging efficiency usually requires incorporating the scavenger directly into the PEMFC membrane or catalyst layer. Then, long-term durability testing is performed for at least 500 hours. This makes rapid material-level screening essential. Conventional material-level assessment methods rely on dye-based spectroscopic techniques. However, salt-type scavengers absorb visible light, which makes accurate measurement difficult. Meanwhile, oxide-type scavengers cause severe light scattering and particle sedimentation, resulting in poor reproducibility. Furthermore, these methods are conducted under neutral conditions that differ from the PEMFC operating environment, causing discrepancies between spectroscopic measurements and actual PEMFC performance.
In this study, we address these limitations by developing an electrochemical evaluation method that can directly quantify hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) concentrations to assess scavenging performance. Chapter 2 describes the development of an electrochemical screening technique that uses dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an OH-capturing agent. This technique enables the quantitative determination of radical concentration with high linearity (R² = 0.99). The experimental conditions, including the pH level, were optimized to closely mimic the operating environment of a PEMFC. As a result, the optimized electrochemical method had a standard deviation that was seven times lower than that of conventional dye-based spectroscopic assays.
Chapter 3 describes the development of UiO-66-NH2/CeO2-xheterostructured nanoparticles, which were designed to overcome the slow regeneration kinetics inherent to oxide-type cerium scavengers. UiO-66-NH2, chosen for its high aqueous stability and easy structural tunability, served as a seed material to promote the growth of CeO2-x nanoparticles and form a heterointerface. During synthesis, strong interactions between the amine groups of UiO-66-NH2 and cerium species induced amorphization and partial dissolution of the MOF, thereby maximizing the heterostructure. Consequently, the UiO-66-NH2/CeO2-x material exhibited the highest ⋅OH scavenging efficiency, at 35%, in DMSO-based electrochemical measurements. In membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) single-cell evaluations, the material demonstrated superior durability, maintaining over 97% of both j0.6V and pMax.