“I Go Where They Go”: Emigration and Jewish Connections with Lithuania from 1918–1940

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

From the second half of the 19th century, emigration was part of the daily life of almost all Eastern Europeans. According to Lithuanian census data from 1923, the Jewish community accounted for 150,000 (7%) of Lithuania’s total population of 2 million people (excluding the Vilnius region). During the period 1928–1938, Jews made up about 34% of all Lithuanian emigrants. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between Jewish emigrants and the Lithuanian government from 1918 to 1940. The article will attempt to show how those who have already emigrated are connected to Lithuania, both at a governmental and personal level. Correspondence between the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Lithuanian Jewish communities shows connections related to economic, cultural, and political networks. In addition, the Lithuanian government sought to strengthen ties with the Lithuanian Jewish diaspora, but personal perspective of emigrants does not reflect this tendency. By combining the personal and governmental perspectives, it becomes clear whether these different viewpoints provide similar or different answers to the research questions, and allows us to see the Jewish emigration process in its entirety.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Zalkin, M., "ˇ Zydu˛ tautin˙e autonomija Lietuvoje. Lietuvos ˇzydai. Istorin˙e studija, sud. Darius staliunas, Jurgita ˇsiauˇciunait˙e-verbickien˙e, vladas sirutaviˇcius" Baltos lankos 323-329, 2012

2 Simonson, K, "ˇ Zydu˛ fotografai Pietu˛ Afrikos Respublikoje XX a. 4–8 deˇs.: Leonas Levsonas ir Eli Weinbergas" Lietuvos kulturos tyrimu˛ institutas 5-70, 2018

3 Uˇzdavinys, V., "With Lithuanian Jews in North America" (18) : 387-, 1938

4 Massey, D., "Theories of international migration : A Review and appraisal" 19 (19): 431-466, 1993

5 "The memoirs of Jonas Aukˇstuolis, f. 383, ap. 7, b. 1646"

6 Zahra, T., "The great departure: Mass migration from Eastern Europe and the making of the free World" W. W. Norton & Company 2016

7 Eidintas, A., "The Emigration policy of the Tautininkai regime in Lithuania, 1926-1940" 16 (16): 64-72, 1985

8 Casper, P. M, "Strangers and sojourners: The politics of Jewish belonging in Lithuania 1914–1940" University of California 1914

9 "Society “Hias-Ica” for managing Jewish emigration in Lithuania"

10 "Society “Hias-Ica” for managing Jewish emigration in Lithuania"

11 Bendikait˙e, E, "Sionistinis sa˛ judis Lietuvoje" Lietuvos istorijos institutas 1-300, 2006

12 "Report of the Consul in Cape Town on his visit to Johannesburg. LCVAVA f. 383, ap. 7 b. 1274, l. 6"

13 "Pasaulio lietuviu˛ sa˛jungos veikimo planai" Draugija uˇzsienio lietuviams remti 1 : 4-4, 1937

14 Uˇzdavinys, V., "Pasaulio lietuvis" Draugija uˇzsienio Lietuviams remti 360-362, 1935

15 "Oral history of M. Emdin, KSC, ZA UCT BC949_B_A333"

16 "Oral history interview with Shemshihu Spivack"

17 Ruttenberg, O., "Oral history interview"

18 "Oral History interview with Benjamin Rod, ZA UCT BC949_A_A210"

19 Adamson, F, "Migration Diplomacy in World Politics" International Studies Perspectives 1-16, 2018

20 Petrauskait˙e, L., "Matas menˇcinskas ir jo amˇzininkai:Menininku˛ migracijos reikˇsm˙e 20 a. Pirmos pus˙es lietuvos dail˙es modernizacija" Lietuvos kulturos tyrimu˛ institutas 2018

21 Federation of Lithuanian Jews of America, "MS-2, Box 11, folder 5, Vol. 3, No. 13"

22 Nagius-Nageviˇcius, V, "Lithuanians in South Africa. With the Lithuanians in South Africa" 14 : 285-, 1939

23 "Lithuanian Statistic Annual. Volume 1–11 (1924–38 data), 12 (1939 data)"

24 Atamukas, S., "Lietuvos ˇzydu˛ kelias. Nuo XIV a. iki XXI a. pradˇzios" Alma Litera 2007

25 Bagdonaviˇcien˙e, V, "Lietuvos diasporos politikos formavimas ir raida 1990–2009 metais" Vytautas Magnus University 2012

26 Kasperaviˇciut˙e, V, "Lietuvos Respublikos emigracijos politika 1918–1940 m" VytautoDidˇziojo universitetas 5-90, 2011

27 Eidintas, A., "Lietuviu˛ kolumbai. In Lietuviu˛ emigracijos istorijos apybraiˇza" Mintis 1993

28 Cˇ iubrinskas, V., "Lietuvisˇkojo identiteto trajektorijos, Kaunas" Vytautas Magnus University 2008

29 Saliˇskis., "Lietuvi, nesitrauk iˇs kelio" (15) : 289-290, 1939

30 Eidintas, A, "Lietuva ir masin˙e iˇseivyst˙e 1868–2020" Mokslo ir Enciklopediju˛ Leidybos Centras 1868

31 "Letter too Ministry of Foreign Affairs, f. 656, ap. 5, b. 3"

32 "Letter to Union of Zionist in New York. Central zionist archives S8\1283\1"

33 "Letter of Bronius Balutis. f 656, ap. 1, b. 593"

34 "Letter from the Consul General in Palestine to theMinistry of Foreign Affairs. F. 383. Ap. 7. b. 1659. l. 6., l. 22"

35 Lithuanian Jewish Federation, "LCVA 656, ap. 1, b. 593. l. 1, 12"

36 Skirius, J., "Karolis Raˇckauskas-Vairas (1882-1970) – visuomenininkas, blaˇskomas politiniu˛ v˙eju˛"

37 Aleksandraviˇcius, E, "Karklo diegas. In Lietuviu˛ pasaulio istorija" Versus Aureus 2013

38 "Jewish Emigration from Lithuania in 1935"

39 "From the Word" (4) : 7-, 1935

40 "Fridlander Lewis returned to Lithuania to marry Sara Karabelnik and take her back with him to South Africa, No. 14767" Anu Museum of Jewish people

41 Fish, I., "Foreign passport file, f. 377, ap. 2 b. 84"

42 Choate, M, "Emigrant nation: The making of Italy abroad" Harvard University Press 2008

43 Vaskela, G, "Emigracija iˇs lietuvos 1920–1940. Gyventojai. Lietuva 1919–1940"

44 Dekel-Chen, J., "East European ewish migration : Inside and outside" 44 (44): 154-170, 2014

45 "Documents on the activities of the legation in SouthAmerica and the consulate in São Paulo. F. 383 ap. 7 b. 1420"

46 Sheffer, G., "Diaspora politics: At home abroad" Cambridge University Press 2003

47 "Correspondence regarding the activities of Lithuanians in the USA and Canada. LCVA f. 383, ap. 7. B. 1517"

48 Brinkmann, T., "1929. Period, Mapping the Jewish World" New York University Press 53-72, 2013