Social science and government : policies and problems

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Members of the conference = xv
• Introduction = xvii
• Pre-history of social science policy = xviii
• The pressures : policy for, or policy for using? = xviii
• Cultural relativities = xx
• How homogeneous are the social sciences? = xxi
• Relationship to science policy = xxii
• Social scientists as policy-makers = xxv
• The international nature of the social sciences = xxix
• The role of international bodies = xxx
• Evaluation = xxxii
• Part 1 Social Science as a Policy Area
• 1 The functions and roles of the social sciences / BERTRAND DE JOUVENEL = 3
• A sociey shaped by mastery of matter = 4
• Differences in knowledge = 5
• Differences in thinking = 7
• Statistics = 9
• Interchapter = 13
• 2 Social sciences and policy / ALBERT CHERNS = 15
• Introduction and summary = 15
• Where policy is permeable = 16
• Strategy of the gaps = 17
• Points of entry = 20
• (a) Choice of options = 20
• (b) Realizing options = 21
• Social sciences and the mechanisms for articulating public policy = 22
• Policy-making and decision-making = 24
• Relationship between policy-maker and social scientist = 25
• A typology of research = 29
• Social science and the policy-making process = 32
• Interchapter = 36
• 3 Policy-making as a learning process : A work note on social science policy / EINAR THORSRUD = 39
• Introduction = 39
• Social science policy as a collaborative relationship = 40
• The Industrial Democracy Project = 41
• I. Initiation of problem identification and preliminary allocation of resources = 41
• Policy matters in the initial phase of the project = 43
• II. The search for alternative problem-solving activities = 44
• III. Stepwise experimental change = 47
• The first field experiment = 49
• Some policy issues related to the first field experiment = 52
• The second field experiment = 53
• Some policy issues related to the second field experiment = 55
• The third and fourth field experiments = 56
• IV. Evaluation and diffusion of results at the national lavel = 57
• Policy issues related to evaluation and diffusion of results = 58
• V. Re-allocation of resources = 59
• Some policy issues in retrospect = 60
• Interchapter = 64
• 4 Research and public policy : Lessons from econimic / ANDREW SHONFIELD = 67
• Economics and policy = 68
• Moves towards social indicators = 73
• Some operational difficulties = 77
• Interchapter = 81
• Part 2 Aspects of Social Science Policy
• 5 The need for and provision of social science manpower / DIETRICH GOLDSCHMIDT = 87
• Definition of social sciences and of social science manpower = 88
• Institutionalization of the social sciences = 90
• Correspondence between manpower needs and the provision of manpower in the social sciences = 91
• Provision of social science manpower = 93
• Interchapter = 97
• 6 Types of output mix of research organizations and their complementarity / ERIC TRIST = 101
• Introduction = 102
• Changes in science and policy and their interrelations = 103
• New concepts of science = 103
• New concepts of policy = 105
• Problem-oriented research domains = 106
• Social and technical development and innovation = 110
• Basic modes of research organization and their complementarity = 111
• The basic types and their varieties = 111
• The research／service mix : Type A(profession-based) = 115
• The research／teaching mix : Type B(discipline-based) = 120
• The research／application mix : Type C(domain-based) = 124
• General characteristics = 128
• Changing the scientific value system = 130
• Dysfunctional persistence of academic individualism = 130
• The nature of the required changes = 131
• Reassociating the university with society = 132
• Joint responsibility = 133
• Group creativeness = 133
• Longitudinal capability = 135
• Interchapter = 139
• 7 For a school of application of social sciences / HENRI MENDRAS = 143
• New careers in public life = 145
• New careers in ihe private sector = 146
• Teaching programme = 149
• Ancillary institutions = 151
• Interchapter = 154
• 8 The state of the social sciences : A Round Table Discussion on R & D statistics = 159
• Introduction = 159
• Past work on social science statistics = 161
• The discussion = 164
• Part 3 Social Scientists and the Making of Social Science Policy
• 9 The federal government and social science policy in the United States / HENRY W. RIECKEN = 173
• Number and distribution of social scientists = 174
• Federal agencies supporting social science = 176
• Attempts at co-ordination = 177
• Pluralism and flexibility = 181
• Symbolic power distribution = 181
• Alliances outside the social sciences = 182
• Organizations with special roles = 184
• Towards a social science policy = 186
• Interchapter = 191
• 10 The uses of social science in Poland : Policies for the social sciences / BOGDAN SUCHODOLSKI = 195
• The traditional social role of social science in Poland = 196
• The new situation and new tasks in contemporary Poland = 199
• The role of social sciences in moulding social awareness = 201
• Practical impact of the social sciences = 204
• Allies and obstacles = 206
• Policies for the social sciences = 208
• Interchapter = 211
• 11 National and international policies for social research / HENNING FRIIS = 215
• The roles of social research in a time of change = 216
• Policies for social research = 218
• Resources = 218
• Development policies = 221
• Organizational problems = 222
• International co-operation in the development of social research = 223
• Interchapter = 226
• 12 Social science meta-policy : Some concepts and applications / YEHEZKEL DROR = 229
• Introduction = 229
• Meta-policy and social science policy = 230
• An illustration of meta-policy in use = 233
• Bibliographic note = 234
• Interchapter = 236
• Selective bibliography / RUTH SINCLAIR ; ELISABETH CRAWFORD = 241
• Introdurtion = 241
• 1. Functions and roles of the social sciences = 244
• 2. Policies towards the social sciences = 244
• 3. The use of the social sciences in policy or planning = 256
• 4. International collaboration in the social sciences = 267
• 5. Bibliographies = 268