(The)Health of our water : toward sustainable agriculture in Canada

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword = ⅶ
• Preface = ⅷ
• Executive Summary = xi
• Chapter 1 Introduction = 1
• Agriculture's dependence on water = 1
• Agriculture's effects on water = 1
• Sustainable agriculture = 2
• The health of Canada's rural water = 2
• Objectives of this report = 2
• Reading and using the report = 3
• Chapter 2 Canada's Rural Water Resources = 5
• Introduction = 5
• The hydrologic cycle = 5
• Canada's water resources = 6
• Water gains and water losses = 7
• Surface water = 9
• Groundwater = 12
• Diverted water = 13
• Transboundary waters = 14
• Conclusion = 14
• Chapter 3 Water Use = 15
• Introduction = 15
• Agricultural use of water = 16
• Crop production = 16
• Irrigation = 17
• Frost protection = 20
• Livestock production = 20
• Rural domestic use = 21
• Other rural water uses = 22
• Electrical power generation = 22
• Rural municipal use = 23
• Manufacturing = 23
• Mining, oil, and gas = 23
• Fisheries, aquaculture, and wildlife habitat = 23
• Recreation = 23
• Legislation and regulation of water use = 25
• Conclusion = 25
• Chapter 4 Understanding Water Quality = 27
• Introduction = 27
• Risk and water quality = 28
• Defining and measuring water quality = 28
• Monitoring water quality = 31
• National monitoring = 32
• Provincial and local monitoring = 32
• Agricultural effects on water quality = 32
• Soil condition = 34
• Sediments = 35
• Nutrients = 35
• Pesticides = 38
• Pathogens and other factors = 39
• Agriculture's need for good-quality water = 41
• Irrigation = 41
• Livestock = 41
• Domestic use = 41
• Interprovincial and international issues = 41
• Conclusion = 41
• Chapter 5 Surface Water Quality = 43
• Introduction = 43
• Suspended sediments = 44
• Nutrients = 49
• Pesticides = 52
• Pathogens = 58
• Metals = 59
• Organic matter = 60
• Conclusion = 60
• Chapter 6 Groundwater Quality = 61
• Introduction = 61
• Nitrate = 62
• Pesticides = 67
• Bacteria = 70
• Other contaminants = 72
• Conclusion = 73
• Chapter 7 Ecological Issues = 75
• Introduction = 75
• Watercourses = 76
• Streams and rivers = 76
• Agricultural drains = 79
• Floodplains = 82
• Lakes and ponds = 82
• Riparian zones = 84
• Wetlands = 85
• Benefits of wetlands = 85
• Waterfowl habitat = 87
• Constructed wetlands = 88
• Integrated ecosystems = 88
• Water in the landscape = 90
• Conclusion = 90
• Chapter 8 Protecting Water Quality = 91
• Introduction = 91
• The role of farmers = 92
• Land management = 92
• Input and waste management = 99
• Buffer zones and shelterbelts = 103
• The role of the agricultural industry = 104
• Codes of practice = 104
• Peer advisory programs = 105
• Environmental farm planning = 105
• The role of the community = 106
• The role of government = 106
• Policy and programs = 106
• Incentive mechanisms = 109
• Conclusion = 110
• Chapter 9 Maintaining Reliable Water Supplies = 111
• Introduction = 111
• Drought = 111
• Surface water management = 113
• Groundwater recharge = 114
• Reclaimed water = 117
• Balancing demand with supply = 117
• Conclusion = 119
• Chapter 10 Managing Excess Water = 121
• Introduction = 121
• Benefits of draining farmland = 121
• Where drainage is needed = 123
• Draining organic soils = 123
• Drainage systems = 124
• Surface drainage = 124
• Subsurface drainage = 124
• Effects of drainage on the environment = 125
• Water quality = 125
• Riparian zones = 126
• Hydrology = 127
• Managing drainage = 127
• Role of wetlands = 127
• Stormwater management = 127
• Drain maintenance = 128
• Conclusion = 129
• Chapter 11 Limits on Rural Growth Related to Water = 131
• Introduction = 131
• Sharing the resource = 132
• Competition for water = 132
• Conflict with other sectors = 132
• Water allocation = 133
• Agricultural concerns = 133
• Expanding irrigated farmland = 133
• Expanding livestock industry in western Canada = 134
• Drought and potential climate change = 135
• Government controls = 136
• Federal legislation = 136
• Provincial legislation = 138
• Municipal bylaws = 138
• Regulatory constraints = 138
• Conclusion = 139
• Chapter 12 Concluding Remarks = 141
• Introduction = 141
• What is happening to rural water? = 141
• Water quantity = 141
• Water quality = 141
• Aquatic ecosystems = 142
• Why are these changes happening? = 142
• Why are these changes important? = 142
• What is being done to address these issues? = 143
• Glossary = 145
• Bibliography = 153
• Authors' Affiliations = 165
• Acknowledgments = 171