Nonstandard Employment and Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage: A Comparison of the United States and Japan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In spite of theoretical relevance that nonstandard employment has for marriage formation, our understanding of how nonstandard work is associated with marriage behaviors is very limited. Using nationally representative panel data from the United States (NLSY79) and Japan (JPSC), this study evaluates relationships between women’s employment status (e.g., whether holding a standard or nonstandard job) and the timing of marriage in the US and Japan. Results from discrete-time hazard models show that standard employment is associated with greater odds of marriage among the US women. This finding is consistent with the idea that women’s economic prospects are equally important as men’s for marriage formation in the US, where economic foundations of marriage are posited to have shifted to that based on cooperation between spouses. In contrast, women’s labor force participation, regardless of employment type, is negatively associated with marriage entry in Japan. This result provides supporting evidence for an economic independence hypothesis positing that women’s employment may reduce their gains from marriage when marriages are based on specialization. Findings of this study will contribute to the literature on the economic determinants of marriage in the context of growing labor market uncertainty and inequality. Further, findings of this study will shed new light on how changing patterns of women’s labor force participation due to growing nonstandard jobs have contributed to shifting economic foundations of marriage across societies.

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