아동의 비언어적 행동에 대한 민감성, 부모 애착 및 또래관계 = The relationship of the sensitivity to nonverbal behaviors, the child’s perceived attachment to their parent and the peer-relationship.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the sensitivity to nonverbal behaviors, the children’s perceived attachment to father and mother and the pee-relationship. To investigate the relationship, this study was carried out on 696 boys and girls, fifth and sixth-year elementary school students. The sensitivity to nonverbal behavior was examined to distinguish different facial expressions. The ability to distinguish facial expressions was measured by showing them twenty-four pictures. Each picture shows a face expressing one of the six basic emotions- happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear and anger. The results of this study were as follows: First, we could find the significant differences in the ability to distinguish facial expressions between the girl group and boys' group. The girls' group was significantly highly accurate in distinguishing the facial expressions than the boys' group. Secondly, a child’s perceived attachment to his/her mother had a positive effect on the child’s ability to differentiate facial expressions and the peer-relationship. The child’s ability to distinguish facial expressions had a positive significant effect on his/her peer-relationship. But a child’s perceived attachment to his/her father had no significant effect on his/her ability to distinguish facial expressions and the peer-relationship.

Keywords : nonverbal behavior, facial expression, attachment, peer-relationship

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 비언어적 행동에 대한 민감성과 아동이 지각한 부모와의 애착, 그리고 또래관계 간의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 비언어적 행동에 대한 민감성을 얼굴 표정 변별능력으로 측정하여 기본적으로 표정변별능력, 애착, 또래관계가 어떤 관계가 있는 지, 얼굴 표정 변별 능력에 성별 차이가 있는 지를 초등학교 5,6학년 아동들을 대상으로 하여 살펴보았다. 연구결과 첫째, 남아보다는 여아가 표정 변별을 더 잘하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 표정변별능력, 애착, 또래관계 사이의 관계는 어머니와의 애착이 안정적일수록 아동의 표정변별능력이 좋고 또래지명 또한 높다. 그러나 아버지와의 애착은 아동의 표정변별과 또래지명에 유의한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 표정변별이 또래지명에 미치는 영향은 정적으로 유의한 것으로 나타나, 표정변별을 잘 할수록 또래지명이 좋음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구는 외국 연구에서 나타난 성별 차이를 국내 아동을 대상으로 검증해 보고, 애착, 또래관계, 표정변별 능력 간 관계를 살펴보았다는 점에 의의가 있다.

주요어 : 비언어적 행동, 얼굴 표정 변별, 애착, 또래관계

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "청소년의 자아존중감과 애착이 대인문제해결력에 미치는 영향" 1998

2 "청소년기 애착 안정성과 우울 성향의 관계 지각된 유능감의 매개효과를 중심으로" 1998

3 "자녀가 지각한 부모의 긍정적 강화가 비언어적 행동에 대한 민감성에 미치는 영향" 7 (7): 289-306, 2006

4 "자녀 양육과 정상발달 애착이론에서의 조명" 대한 소아 청소년 정신 의학회 1998

5 "임상심리학 이론의 경험적 검증을 위한 최신 연구방법론 구조방정식 모형을 이용한 매개모형과 잠재평균모형의 분석" 2001

6 "애착과 일반적 자기 효능감이 대학생활 적응에 미치는 영향" 2001

7 "애착과 애착의 발달" 15 (15): 16-27, 2004

8 "아동의 위축행동에 관한 연구" 충북대학교 교육대학원 1982

9 "아동 청소년의 얼굴표정을 통한 정서인식능력과 심리 사회적 적응의 관계" 21 (21): 515-532, 2002

10 "부모와의 애착이 아동의 우정의 질에 미치는 영향" 2001

11 "모 녀 성격유형과 애착간의 관계" 1995

12 "The role of emotions in social and personality development History, theory and research" Plenum Press 1995

13 "The relationship between children's sociometric status and ability to recognize facial expression of emotion European Journal of social Psychology" 235-238, 1984

14 "The facial emotion" Appleton-Century-Crofts 1971

15 "The developmental of differential use of inner and outer face features in familiar face identification" 59 : 196-210, 1995

16 "The development of emotional competence" Guilford Press 1999

17 "The capacity for understanding mental states the reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment" 201-218, 1991

18 "The association of children's nonverbal decoding abilities with popularity,locus of control,and academic achievement" 153 : 385-394, 1992

19 "The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment:Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence" 16 : 427-453, 1987

20 "Specific forms of facial EMG response index emotions during on interview Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 592-604, 1988

21 "Socialization of preschoolers' emotion understanding" 928-936, 1994

22 "Sex differences in judgement of facial affect a multivariate analysis of recognition errors" 41 : 243-246, 2000

23 "Sex differences in encoding and decoding of negative facial emotion Journal of Nonverbal Behavior" 139-148, 1988

24 "Sensitivity to nonverbal cues as a function of social competence" 4 : 146-156, 1980

25 "Role of adolescent-parent relationships in college student development and adjustment Journal of Counseling Psychology" 248-255, 1994

26 "Recognition of facial affect cues by adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders" 19 : 269-276, 1994

27 "Recognition of facial affect cues by adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders" 19 : 269-276, 1994

28 "Recognition of emotional expression by abused children" 12 : 325-328, 1983

29 "Preschool children's social competence and production and discrimination of affective expressions" 8 : 65-76, 1990

30 "Preschool children's decoding of facial emotions Journal of General Psychology" 375-382, 1993

31 "Perceptual skill in decoding facial affect Percetion of Motor Skills" 96-98, 1985

32 "Patterns of nonverbal behavior and sensitivity in the context of attachment relationship" 29 : 141-169, 2005

33 "Nonverbal communication and marital interaction" Pergamon 1985

34 "Nonverbal communication" Akline&Atherton 1972

35 "Modeling emotional cognitive and behavioral predictors of peer acceptance" 73 : 1775-1787, 2002

36 "Lying and nonverbal behavior; Theoretical issues and new findings" 12 : 163-175, 1988

37 "Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion Department of Psychology" San Francisco State University 1988

38 "Infants' responses to their mothers' expressions of joy and sadness" 24 : 223-229, 1988

39 "Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect:The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale" 18 : 9-35, 1994

40 "Inability of delinquents to recognize facial affects" 1 : 489-496, 1986

41 "Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues" 845-857, 1978

42 "Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data" Lawrence Erlbaum 1996

43 "Family dysfunction parental attachment and career search self efficacy among community college students" 43 : 84-89, 1996

44 "Expression of emotion in man and animal" University of Chicago Press 1965

45 "Emotional correlates of social competence in children's peer relationships" 40 : 1-20, 1994

46 "Do socially anxious children show deficits in classifying facial expressions of emotions" 26 : 109-126, 2002

47 "Development of nonverbal behavior in children" Springer-Verlag 1982

48 "Communication of individual emotions by spontaneous facial expressions" 50 : 737-743, 1986

49 "Attachment insecurity as a filter in the decoding and encoding of nonverbal behavior in close relationships" 29 : 171-176, 2005

50 "Attachment in adolescence; A narrative and meta-analytic review" 21 : 471-485, 1990

51 "Attachment beyond infancy" 44 : 709-716, 1989

52 "Age and social competence in preschooler's decoding of facial expressions" 29 : 43-54, 1990

53 "Adult attachment style and the perception of others The role of projective mechanisms" 76 : 1022-1034, 1999

54 "Adolescents peer rated mental health peer acceptance and irrational beliefs" 94 : 1144-1148, 2004

55 "Adolescent' perceptions of their attachment relationship with their mothers Journal of Youth Adolescence" 579-600, 1994

56 "Accuracy of facial affect recognition as a function of locus of control orientation and anticipated interpersonal interaction" 128 : 363-372, 1988

57 "A secure base" Basic Books 1988

58 "A neurobehavioral approach to the recognition of facial expressions in infancy" Cambridge University Press 176-204, 1997

59 "A meta analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants children and adolescents" 126 : 424-453, 2000