노인체력검사의 유형과 특성

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 그동안 노인체력검사에 바탕이 되어온 노인체력 또는 신체기능에 대한 개념적 구조와 정형화되어 적용되고 있는 체력검사를 개관하고, 국내외적으로 적용되고 있는 노인체력검사의 유형과 도구적 실용적 특징들을 개관하는데 목적이 있다. 적용사례 분석을 위한 문헌 연구는 web-DB를 대상으로 분석 틀을 근거로 한 단계적 검색 및 검토과정을 수행하였다. 체계적 문헌분석 결과에 의하면 Halter 와 Reuben(2001)의 연구 모형은 노인 체력검사의 개발 및 적용에 지침이 될 수 있는 이론적 근거로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 더불어 Varela 등(2008)은 그동안 적용되어온 정형화된 노인체력 검사의 유형과 특징을 건강관련체력검사(health-related test)와 포괄적 체력검사(comprehensive test)로 양분하고, 포괄적 체력검사 범주에는 건강관련체력검사 항목과 함께 일상생활활동능력(activities of daily living: ADL)을 포괄하는 검사들을 포함시켜 노인체력검사 구조 모형을 제시하였다. 노인체력검사를 적용한 연구사례를 분석한 결과 국내의 생태적 환경을 배경으로 노인체력의 이론적 탐색이 필요할 뿐 아니라, 도구개발과 평가를 위한 여러 차원의 기초적 응용적 연구가 뒤따라야 할 것으로 보인다. 적용되고 있는 검사들은 전반적으로 검사의 타당도 신뢰도에 대한 특성이 충분히 확인되지 않고 있는 만큼 계속적인 일반화 타당화를 위한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다. 검사영역과 검사 항목 선정은 검사개발의 정당화에 근거가 되는 준거 예를 들면 건강장수, 낙상 및 장애 위험, 거동 능력, 일반적인 신체기능 등에 타당한 관련 자료들을 바탕으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 다양한 임상적 연구를 포함한 종단적, 역학적(epidemiological) 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purposes of the present study were to identify theoretical structures of physical function or fitness in late life and types or characteristics of seniors` fitness test batteries used in the previous studies which were conducted in Korea as well as other countries through a systematic review. Two stages of process were adapted for this systematic review: collecting relevant articles from web-DBs and reviewing those studies with our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based the results, the framework proposed by Halter and Reuben (2001) would be a useful guideline for developing seniors` physical fitness test as a theoretical model. Also, it would be helpful information to improve our understanding of the structure of seniors` fitness batteries that Varela et al. (2008) categorized fitness test batteries adapted in previous studies into two categories, health-related and comprehensive test. In the Korean studies the results indicated that it is necessary to understand seniors` physical function or fitness in Korean-specific circumstances and to conduct multidimensional research for developing methods and evaluating Korean elderly`s physical function or fitness for future studies. Also, since most studies collected for this study did not present information about validity and reliability of the tool, future studies should consider generalization and validation of tool to improve quality of the research. Moreover, factors and items of a test should be specifically and precisely selected based on the research issue such as health or longevity related, falls, the risk of disability, mobility, or physical status to provide validate information for future studies. For these reasons, more longitudinal and epidemiological studies including clinical research, therefore, should be conducted to understand and evaluating physical function or fitness in late life.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이미숙, "한국과 일본 고령자의 신체구성, 일상생활활동능력 (ADL지표), 건강관련체력, 신체활동수준 평가①" 한국체육측정평가학회 10 (10): 79-100, 2008

2 홍승연, "한국 여성 고령자의 노인체력검사(Senior Fitness Test: SFT)결과의 외국 기준치 비교" 한국체육학회 47 (47): 405-413, 2008

3 조경희, "한국 노인의학의 현황과 방향" 52-56, 2007

4 정문희, "저소득 노인의 운동요구 및 운동능력" 한국노년학회 26 (26): 895-910, 2006

5 진행미, "재활운동 실천 후 양로시설 여성노인의 일상생활활동,수단적 일상생활활동 및 체력 변화에 관한 연구" 한국여성체육학회 21 (21): 77-90, 2007

6 정도상, "여성 고령자의 활동체력 인자구조 및 평가기준" 한국발육발달학회 12 (12): 49-62, 2004

7 이상민, "농촌 여성 노인의 활동체력과 삶의 질 분석" 한국체육학회 46 (46): 695-708, 2007

8 김기범, "노인의 신체활동정도가 심리적 정서상태와 건강관련체력에 미치는 영향" 한국스포츠리서치 17 (17): 223-232, 2006

9 이미숙, "노인의 건강한 장수를 위한 활동체력의 검사항목 선정 및 평가척도" 한국체육학회 42 (42): 541-550, 2003

10 이재문, "노인여성의 연령증가에 따른 생활체력 변화 연구" 한국사회체육학회 19 (19): 797-807, 2003

11 고대선, "노인들의 사회인구학적 요인, 건강체력, 일상생활 및 운동능력과의 관련성" 한국여성체육학회 22 (22): 215-228, 2008

12 현경선, "노인건강증진 프로그램이 경노당을 이용하는 여성노인의 체력과 심리건강에 미치는 효과" 사단법인 대한보건협회 32 (32): 26-34, 2006

13 정도상, "노년 전기 여성 고령자 활동체력의 지역 차" 39 (39): 690-697, 2000

14 정도상, "노년 전기 여성 고령자 체격 및 활동체력의 10년간 시대차" 한국사회체육학회 30 (30): 811-820, 2007

15 이만균, "남성노인의 활동체력연령 추정식 개발" 한국체육학회 44 (44): 473-483, 2005

16 성순창, "남성노인의 연령과 넘어짐 경험 및 운동습관이 활동체력에 미치는 영향" 한국운동생리학회 13 (13): 367-380, 2004

17 정소봉, "고령자의 체력연령 추정식 작성에 관한 연구" 2 (2): 91-106, 2000

18 이미숙, "고령자 기능체력 평가방안" 2 (2): 79-90, 2000

19 유승희, "고령여성의 생활체력 측정 및 평가기준과 지표 개발" 40 (40): 565-574, 2001

20 Guralnik, J., "Validation and use of performance measures of functioning in a non-disabled older population: MacArthur studies of successful aging" 6 : 410-419, 1994

21 Suthers. K. & Seeman, T, "The meas urement of physical functioning in older adult populations. Presented at the Na tional Institute on Aging Behavioral and Social Research Physical Performance Protocols Meeting, December 12, 2003, In Bethesda, MD"

22 Brach, J., "The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study" 52 : 502-509, 2004

23 U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Sixty-five plus in the United States: Current population reports" Department of Commerce 23-190, 1996

24 Van Heuvelen, M., "Self-reported physical fitness of older persons: a substitute for performance-based measures of physical fitness?" 5 : 298-310, 1997

25 Leon, C. M., "Self-efficacy, physical decline, and change in functioning in community-living elders: A prospective study" 51 (51): S183-S190, 1996

26 De Leon, C., "Self-efficacy, phy sical decline, and change in functioning in community-living elders: a prospective study" 51B : S183-S190, 1996

27 Rikli, R., "Reliability, validity, and meth odological issues in assessing physical activity in older adults" 71 (71): 89-96, 2000

28 Lemmink, K., "Reliability of the Groningen fitness test for the elderly" 9 : 194-212, 2001

29 Miotto, J., "Reliability and validity of the Fullerton functional fitness test: an independent replication study" 7 : 339-335, 1999

30 Fried, L., "Relationships between performance measures and self-report: examples from the Women's Health and Aging Studies. Presented at the National Institute on Aging Behavioral and Social Research Physical Performance Protocols Meeting, December 12, 2003, In Bethesda, MD"

31 Talley, K., "Psy chometric properties of the activities-s pecific balance confidence scale and the survey of activities and fear of falling in older women" 56 : 328-333, 2008

32 Wang, L, "Predictors of functional change: a logitudinal study of nondemented people aged 65 and older" 50 : 1525-1534, 2002

33 Seeman TE., "Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacA urthur Studies of successful aging" 49 : M97-M108, 1994

34 U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general" 1996

35 Wang, C., "Phy sical-performance tests to evaluate mo bility disability in community-dwelling eld ers" 13 : 184-197, 2005

36 Reuben, D., "Performance-based measures of physical functioning: concepts and roles. Presented at the National Institute on Aging Behavioral and Social Research Physical Performance Protocols Meeting, December 12, 2003, In Bethesda, MD"

37 Simonsick, E., "Methodology and feasibility of a home based examination in disabled older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study" 52 : M264-M274, 1997

38 Simonsick, E., "Measuring higher level physical func tioning older adults: expanding familiar approaches in the Health ABC study" 56 : M644-M649, 2001

39 Onder, G., "Measures of physical performance and risk for progressive and catastrophic disability: results from the Women's Health and Aging Study" 60 : 74-79, 2005

40 Semba, R., "Low serum carotenoids and development of severe walking disability among older women living in the community: the Wo men's Health and Aging Study Ⅰ" 36 : 62-67, 2007

41 Sayers, S., Jette, A., Haley, S., Heeren, T., Guralnik, J., Fielding, R, "Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 52, 155 4-1559"

42 Greene, L., "Identifying dimensions of physical(motor) functional capacity in healthy older adults" 5 : 163-178, 1993

43 Rikli, R., "Functional fitness no rmative scores for community residing ol der adults, age 60-94" 7 : 162-181, 1999

44 Nakamura, Y., "Effects of exercise frequency on functional fitenss in older adult women" 44 : 163-173, 2007

45 McAuley, E., "Effects of change in physical activity on physical function limitations in older women: mediating roles of physical function performance and self-efficacy" 55 : 1967-1973, 2007

46 Eyigor, S., "Effects of a group-based exercise program on the physical performance, muscle strength and quality of life in older women" 45 : 259-271, 2007

47 Azegami, M., "Effect of single and multi-joint lower extremity muscle strength on the functional capacity and ADL/IADL status in Japanese commu nity-dwelling older adults" 9 : 168-176, 2007

48 Ho, L., "Discriminating characteristics of communi ty-dwelling elderly at high and low risk for frailty" 10 : 413-431, 2002

49 Rikli, R., "Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community residing older adults" 5 : 244-261, 1999

50 Russo, A., "Depression and physical function: results from the aging and lon gevity study in the Sirente Geographic Area (ilSIRENTE Study)" 20 : 131-137, 2007

51 Konopack, J., "Correlates of functional fitness in older adults" 15 : 311-318, 2008

52 Cress, M., "Continuous-scale physical functional performance test: validity, reliability, and sensitivity of data for the short version" 85 : 323-335, 2005

53 Cress, M., "Continuous-scale functional performance in healthy older adults: a validation study" 77 : 1243-1250, 1996

54 Halter, J., "Cells and Surveys: Should Biological Measures Be Included in Social Science Research?" National Academy Press 2001

55 Evans, W., "Biomarkers: the 10 determinants of aging you can control" Simon & Schuster 1991

56 Varela, S., "Batteries assessing health related fitness in the elderly: a brief review" 5 : 97-105, 2008

57 Washburn, A., "Assessment of physical activity in older adults" 71 : 79-89, 2000

58 Guralnik, J., "Assessing the building blocks of function: utilizing measures of functional limitation" 25 : 112-121, 2003

59 Torman, T., "Age response to multicomponent training programme in older adults" 26 (26): 448-454, 2004

60 McCamey, M., "A statewide educational interve ntion to improve older Americans' nutri tion and physical activity" 15 : 47-57, 2003

61 Guralnik, J., "A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission" 49 : M85-M94, 1994

62 Malmberg, J., "A health-related fitness and functional performance test battery for middle-aged and older adults: feasibility and healt h-related content validity" 83 : 666-677, 2002