실시간 온라인 학습에서의 유형화 연구 :학습자와 환경 요인에 대한 상호작용을 중심으로 = Classification on synchronous online learning: Focusing on the interaction between learners and environmental factors

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the intricate interplay between learners’ individual factors (self-regulated learning) and environmental factors (teaching presence) through the framework of Bandura’s reciprocal determinism. The study participants comprised a convenience sample of 351 undergraduate and graduate students from a metropolitan four-year university. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and the results were obtained at a .05 level of significance. First, three types of learner characteristics were identified through the K-means analysis (Learner & Instructor-led, Learner-led, and Learner-enhancement-needed). Second, the characteristics of each cluster were examined. No significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics (gender, grade level, or primary online learning platform) across clusters. However, significant differences were observed between the clusters regarding the level of learning activity and learning outcomes (flow, perceived achievement, and learning satisfaction). Cluster 1, “Learner & Instructor-led” exhibited relatively elevated levels of both learning activities and learning outcomes. Based on the findings of this study, which considers the intricate interaction between individuals and their environment, we propose the characteristics of learning styles and educational support in synchronous online learning.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 노경섭, "제대로 알고 쓰는 논문 통계분석: SPSS & AMOS 21" 한빛아카데미 2014

2 한현우 ; 이수민, "원격수업에서 전문대학생의 낮은 중도탈락인식과 심층적 학습접근방식이 수업만족도에 미치는 영향 : 교수실재감의 매개효과를 중심으로" 35 (35): 246-259, 2023

3 이의길 ; 김윤정, "온라인대학에서 교수자의 사회적 촉진활동에 따른 교수자 사회적 실재감의 차이 및 이들의 관계가 학습만족도에 미치는 영향" 18 (18): 69-78, 2015

4 박주연, "온라인 프로그래밍 수업에서 자기조절능력과 학습참여, 교수실재감 사이에서의 학습몰입의 매개 효과" 24 (24): 597-606, 2020

5 모수경, "실시간 온라인 수업에서 EFL 대학생의 자기 조절에 대한 사회적 실재감과 교수실재감의 영향" 21 : 795-817, 2021

6 박하나 ; 류다현, "생애주기별 맞춤형 교육지원을 위한 대학교수의 교수역량 유형화 연구" 22 (22): 153-169, 2022

7 김동심 ; 류다현, "미네르바 대학교 학생의 실시간 온라인 학습경험 연구 : IPO 모델을 중심으로" 37 (37): 1-30, 2024

8 송윤희, "대학의 실시간 온라인 수업에서 디지털 리터러시, 실재감, 몰입 및 학습만족도의 구조적 관계" 11 (11): 155-170, 2024

9 김동심 ; 류다현, "대학생의 교육방법 선호도에 따른 온라인 학습환경과 학습경험 차이 분석" 23 (23): 189-200, 2023

10 박지우 ; 임규연, "대학 온라인 학습에서 LMS 로그데이터를 활용한 자기조절학습 예측 요인 탐색 : 학습 시간 관리를 중심으로" 29 (29): 485-510, 2023

11 김진모 ; 손규태 ; 이은표 ; 정지용 ; 장한별 ; 이화진, "대학 온라인 실시간 전공수업에서 교수자-학습자 상호작용, 학습자-학습자 상호작용이 학습성과에 미치는 영향 : 학습몰입의 매개효과" 52 (52): 25-48, 2020

12 조혜원, "대면 교양 수업에서 온라인 협력학습 지원 도구의 실시간 활용에 대한 대학생인식 연구" 18 (18): 213-226, 2024

13 디센터, "뇌파 데이터 제공하면 학습법·토큰으로 보상-드림래더스 S2E 전략은"

14 Swan, K., "Validating a measurement tool of presence in online communities of inquiry" 2 (2): 1-12, 2008

15 Bandura, A., "Toward a psychology of human agency : Pathways and reflections" 13 (13): 130-136, 2018

16 Bandura, A., "The self system in reciprocal determinism" 33 (33): 344-358, 1978

17 Bautista, R. G., "The reciprocal determinism of online scaffolding in sustaining a community of inquiry in physics" 3 (3): 89-97, 2013

18 Sakkinah, I. S., "Students’ self-monitoring skill classification in learning activities" 2019

19 Cohodes, S, "Student achievement gaps and the pandemic: A new review of evidence from 2021-2022" Center on reinventing public education 2021

20 Bandura, A., "Social foundations of thought and action" Englewood Cliffs 1986

21 Salta, K., "Shift from a traditional to a distance learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic : University students’ engagement and interactions" 31 (31): 93-122, 2022

22 Moreno-Murcia, J., "Questionnaire evaluating teaching competencies in the university environment. Evaluation of teaching competencies in the university" 4 (4): 54-61, 2015

23 Barnard-Brak, L., "Profiles in self-regulated learning in the online learning environment" 11 (11): 61-80, 2010

24 Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" Guilford publications 2023

25 Czahajda, R., "Perceived session quality scale : What contributes to the quality of synchronous online education?" 25 (25): 217-243, 2021

26 Dağgöl, G. D., "Online self-regulated learning and cognitive flexibility through the eyes of English-major students" 13 (13): 107-132, 2023

27 Payant, C., "Learners' flow experience during peer revision in a virtual writing course during the global pandemic" 105 : 1-12, 2022

28 서진선 ; 이재경, "LMS 로그 데이터 분석을 통한 온라인 학업성취 예측모형에 관한 사례 연구" 1 (1): 121-154, 2020

29 Albelbısı, N. A., "Factors influencing learners’ self–regulated learning skills in a massive open online course(MOOC)environment" 20 (20): 1-16, 2019

30 Pan, X., "Examining the influencing factors and the functioning mechanism of online learning supporting learners’ empowerment" 13 : 1-15, 2022

31 Ding, Y., "Emotions, engagement, and self-perceived achievement in a small private online course" 36 (36): 449-457, 2020

32 DiDonato, N. C., "Effective self-and co-regulation in collaborative learning groups : An analysis of how students regulate problem solving of authentic interdisciplinary tasks" 41 : 25-47, 2013

33 Blau, I., "Do media richness and visual anonymity influence learning? A comparative study using skype" The Open University of Israel 2008

34 Pérez-Álvarez, R., "Design of a tool to support self-regulated learning strategies in MOOCs" 24 (24): 1090-1109, 2018

35 Dixson, M. D., "Creating effective student engagement in online courses: What do students find engaging?" 1-13, 2010

36 Halonen, J. S., "Classroom presence" American Psychological Association 2002

37 Wang, C., "COVID-19 in early 2021 : current status and looking forward" 6 (6): 1-14, 2021

38 Martin, A. J., "Brief approaches to assessing task absorption and enhanced subjective experience : Examining ‘short’ and ‘core’ flow in diverse performance domains" 32 : 141-157, 2008

39 Woodcock, S., "Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Determinism model and teacher self-efficacy scales : a revisit" 27 (27): 75-91, 2023

40 Ponton, M. K., "Autonomous learning and triadic reciprocal causation : a theoretical discussion" 9 (9): 1-10, 2012

41 한지훈 ; 사혜지, "Acceptance of and satisfaction with online educational classes through the technology acceptance model(TAM) : The COVID-19 situation in Korea" 23 (23): 403-415, 2022

42 Enguídanos, D., "Academic emotions and regulation strategies : Interaction with higher education dropout ideation" 13 (13): 1152-1169, 2023

43 김동심 ; 류다현 ; 박규동 ; 강혜신, "AI기반 실시간 온라인 교육 맞춤형 피드백 시스템 효과성 평가" 27 (27): 11-23, 2024

44 Chai, J., "A social network analysis of college students’ online learning during the epidemic era : A triadic reciprocal determinism perspective" 10 (10): 1-26, 2024

45 Anderson, D., "A reciprocal determinism analysis of the relationship between naturalistic media usage and the development of creative-thinking skills among college students" Northern Illinois University 2006

46 Caskurlu, S., "A meta-analysis addressing the relationship between teaching presence and students’ satisfaction and learning" 157 : 1-16, 2020

47 Pintrich, P. R., "A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students" 16 (16): 385-407, 2004