1차 세계대전의 “가장 큰 공포”와 싸우기: 미국적십자의 국내외 활동으로 본 전쟁 장애와 미국의 의지(artificial limb)기술 = Fighting the “Greatest Terror” of World War I: An Examination of War Disability and Artificial Limb Technology through the Domestic and Overseas Activities of the American Red Cross

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문에서는 1차 세계대전 참전군인 및 비전투 절단 장애인에 대한 미국적십자의 대응과 관련해 이 시기 미국의 의지 기술을 분석한다. 20세기 초를 살아가던 사람들에게 1차 세계대전은 상상하기 어려운 참혹한 전쟁이었다. 언론 통제가 엄격하게 이루어지던 시기임에도 불구하고, 미국에서는 심각한 부상으로 영구 장애를 입은 군인들의 귀환과 사회 복귀가 사회적, 국가적 문제로 대두 되었다. 미국이 참전한 이듬해인 1918년, ‘장애인을 위한 미국적십자 기관(The Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men)’의 원장이었던 더글라스 C. 맥머트리(Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, 1888-1944)는 “전쟁에서 가장 큰 공포(The greatest terror in war)는 장애를 입고 집으로 돌아올 수 있다는 것이다”라고 적었다. 미국적십자는 비영리 구호 기관으로서 미국 정부와 협력하여 활동하며, 미국이 1차 세계대전에 참전하기 전에도 이미 유럽 전선에서 부상자를 지원하고, 국제 구호 활동을 수행하는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 이 시대 의지 기술(artificial limb technology)과 관련 정책에 대해서는 대체로 일국적 관점에서 연구되어 왔으나, 이 글은 미국적십자의 역사적 활동을 통해 이 주제를 보다 넓은 국제적 관점에서 살펴볼 필요성을 제기하며, 1차 세계대전기 의지 기술의 발전과 관련 정책의 역사적 의의를 논한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article analyzes the American Red Cross’s response to World War I veterans and noncombatant civilian amputees, and artificial limb technology. For individuals living during the early 20th century, World War I represented an exceptionally harrowing conflict. Despite stringent media censorship, the repatriation and societal reintegration of soldiers who had sustained grave injuries resulting in enduring disabilities emerged as a substantial social and national concern in the United States. In 1918, Douglas C. McMurtrie (1888-1944), director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, conveyed a poignant perspective: “The greatest terror in war has been the prospect of returning home disabled.” Working in partnership with the US government, the military, and other private charity institutions, the American Red Cross played an instrumental role as an international relief organization. Prior to the United States’s entry into the war, the American Red Cross was actively engaged in providing support to wounded soldiers in belligerent countries. When the war began, the organization fully expanded its humanitarian assistance to include civilians, although it limited aid to Allied countries.
While the subject of artificial limb technology and associated policies during this era has traditionally been examined from a national standpoint, this paper posits the necessity for a broader international perspective. By scrutinizing this topic through the historical prism of Red Cross initiatives and assessing its domestic and overseas activities, this study delves into the historical significance of the advancements in artificial limb technology and related policies during the war.

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