Background
Musculoskeletal pain (MP) is a major clinical symptom that causes distress, activity limitation, weakness, and fatigue; and it yields high medical utilization. Fire needling (FN) is a special type of acupuncture treatment wherein a red-hot ...
Background
Musculoskeletal pain (MP) is a major clinical symptom that causes distress, activity limitation, weakness, and fatigue; and it yields high medical utilization. Fire needling (FN) is a special type of acupuncture treatment wherein a red-hot needle is applied to specific acupuncture points or tender points in the body. It has been clinically used to treat MP by reducing inflammation and strengthening the ligaments and muscles. Although there have been several clinical trials for application of FN in MP, few studies have investigated its effectiveness objectively. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of FN for MP via a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods
Fourteen databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, AMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, CNKI, and eight Korean databases) were searched for studies using search terms for pain and FN from inception to March 2020. Randomized controlled studies in which FN was used for MP were included. The risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. To measure the treatment effect, the risk ratio for dichotomous data and either the mean difference or standardized mean difference for continuous data were calculated using a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed in accordance with the previously planned protocol.
Results
Out of the 595 studies screened, 16 studies with a total of 1,498 participants were included in this review. Most studies were determined to have a moderate risk of bias. For cervical pain, FN as a monotherapy significantly improved function, but not the effective rate. FN as an add-on treatment greatly reduced pain with a large effect size but did not increase the effective rate. For shoulder and upper limb pain, FN as a monotherapy had a significant effect only in improving effective rate, but not pain intensity and functional disability. FN as an add-on treatment showed a moderate effect on pain reduction and a significant effect on improving the effective rate. It did not exhibit benefits in the functional improvement of shoulder and upper limb diseases. For lumbar pain, FN as a monotherapy significantly reduced pain with a large effect size. However, FN as an add-on treatment did not have a significant effect in pain reduction and functional improvement. For knee pain, FN as a monotherapy had a large effect size with regards to pain reduction and function improvement, but did not increase the effective rate. For multiple-site pain, FN as a monotherapy did not show a significant effect in reducing pain and improving the effective rate. Only three studies reported adverse events related to FN and there were no severe adverse events reported.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this review, FN appears to be effective and safe treatment for MP. However, it is essential to interpret these results carefully because the level of evidence was low to moderate, and the included studies had a moderate risk of bias. More well-designed studies are needed to establish the basis for objectively proving the effectiveness and safety of FN for MP.