Fear is expressed by a wide spectrum of behaviors and it is crucial to orchestrate defensive behaviors that match distinct threat circumstances. The neurons expressing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) are known ...
Fear is expressed by a wide spectrum of behaviors and it is crucial to orchestrate defensive behaviors that match distinct threat circumstances. The neurons expressing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) are known as a general alarm signal that responds to aversive stimuli of diverse sensory modalities and alert the forebrain of ongoing or potential threats. To investigate whether activation of CGRPPBN neurons promotes adaptive defensive behavior that fits the context, a naturalistic threat paradigm was employed. Chasing threat paradigm mimics an imminent threat situation where mice are placed in a circular track and chased by a predator-like robot. To investigate how CGRPPBN neurons respond to chasing threat, Calcacre/+ mice were injected with adeno-associated virus carrying Cre- dependent channelrhodopsin and implanted with an optrode array over the PBN. Mice were subjected to chasing threat conditioning in which a 10-s auditory cue was paired with 3 s of predator-like object chasing, and the in vivo recordings show that CGRPPBN neurons are activated primarily by chasing threat. Then, to determine whether CGRPPBN neurons contribute to defensive behavior, mice were bilaterally injected with adeno-associated virus carrying Cre-dependent channelrhodopsin and implanted with fiber-optic cannulae over the PBN, and CGRPPBN neurons were optogenetically activated. Repeated 40-Hz stimulation of CGRPPBN neurons evoked robust immediate freezing behavior. To test whether the photostimulation of CGRPPBN neurons is aversive to an extent that induces threat learning and memory, mice were subjected to optogenetic threat conditioning in which a 10-s auditory cue was paired with 7-s photostimulation. When returned to the conditioning context the next day, mice exhibited conditioned freezing behavior. Lastly, to investigate whether activation of CGRPPBN neurons increases the alarm signal and promotes defensive behavior appropriate to the context, mice were subjected to chasing threat conditioning in which a 10-s auditory cue was paired with a 3-s predator-like robot chasing. CGRPPBN neurons were activated during the chasing threat and a significantly higher freezing was observed in response to both the conditioning context and the tone the next day. These findings suggest that CGRPPBN neurons show primary response to unconditioned chasing threat and that the activation of CGRPPBN neurons relays aversive information and induces immediate freezing behavior and threat memory. In addition, the activation of CGRPPBN neurons under chasing threat strengthens threat memory by increasing alarm signal while promoting freezing behavior during and following threat conditioning.