봉사학습(Service-Learning)의 도덕교육적 함의와 교사의 역할 = 나딩스의 교육이론을 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 창의적 체험활동의 주요영역으로 봉사활동이 강조되면서 봉사활동의 교육적 효과에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 여러 학자들이 ‘봉사학습’이라는 새로운 교수-학습 방법에 주목하기 시작했다. 본래 봉사학습은 미국의 경험주의 교육 전통에 이론적 배경을 둔 것으로 능동적 학습 원리에 기반을 둔다. 봉사학습은 ‘봉사’와 ‘학습’ 모두에 강조점을 둔 것으로 현재 중고등학교에서 수행평가를 위해 이루어지고 있는 봉사활동과는 다른 개념으로 이해해야 한다. 봉사를 통한 교육이 학생의 도덕성을 기르는 데 보다 효과를 거두기 위해서는, 도덕교육적 원리에 의거하여 교육과정과 밀접하게 연관된 봉사학습을 계획할 필요가 있다. 그런 면에서, ‘배려’와 ‘관계’, ‘행복’에 주목한 나딩스의 철학은 봉사학습의 이론적 근거를 제시해 준다. 봉사학습은 사회정의감, 공동체감, 도덕적 실천력을 제고한다는 데 보다 큰 의의가 있으며, 이를 가능하게 하는 원리는 ‘낯선 사람과 관계 맺기를 통한 자기성찰과 도덕적 성장’이다. 도덕교사는 봉사 경험을 통해 학생들이 부딪칠 다양한 문제들에 유의하는 한편, 학생의 발달 단계와 특성, 교육과정의 요구를 고려하여 봉사학습을 보다 체계적으로 계획할 수 있어야 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Emphasis on creative and experiential activities as part of community service made educators more aware of the educational effectiveness of community service. In order not to make community service as mere experiences about society, the educators have become interested in the concept of 'service learning' as a new pedagogical technique. Service learning was based on the Dewey's educational philosophy of learning by doing. However, it is important for educators not to confuse service learning with community service or volunteer work. Service learning is a method of teaching and learning that connects classroom lessons with meaningful service to the community. Community service may provide students a sense of community, empathy, and a meaning in life, but it is not directly related to what they learn in school, so it usually remains as individual experiences. Especially when the goal for the lesson is for students to teach values and to foster moral senses and ethical minds, the educators should carefully prepare the activities that promote both services based on what students learn in school and learning that reflects the real-life services in the community, based on the principles of moral education. In order to fully understand the meaning of service learning and to adapt its core ideas into moral education, the researchers connect the notion of 'caring', 'relationship' and 'happiness' based on the educational philosophy of Nel Noddings. Students can learn about social justice, a sense of community, and a power of moral execution through service learning based on the principle of reflection and moral growth through reciprocal relationships. Therefore, the role of moral educators is critical. Teachers should take many things into consideration including the students' characteristics, developmental levels and their educational needs as well as the possibilities and obstacles the students may encounter in the community when planning their lessons for service learning.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 조강모, "초등학교 아동을 위한 봉사학습 프로그램의 평가 실태에 대한 개선방안" (19) : 2005

2 정창우, "청소년 봉사학습의 문제점과 도덕교육적 활용 방안" 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 (27) : 85-112, 2008

3 조강모, "집단탐구수업 절차를 기초한 도덕과 봉사학습 모형의 탐색" (7) : 2001

4 서울대학교사범대학 국정도서편찬위원회, "중학교 도덕 2" 지학사 2009

5 변순용, "중학교 도덕 1" 천재교육 2010

6 서강식, "중학교 도덕 1" 두산동아 2010

7 윤건영, "중학교 도덕 1" 중앙교육진흥연구소 2010

8 김호성, "중학교 도덕 1" 미래엔 컬쳐그룹 2010

9 조성민, "중학교 도덕 1" 디딤돌 2010

10 강선보, "중학교 도덕 1" 미래엔 컬처그룹 2010

11 박찬구, "중학교 도덕 1" 천재교육 2010

12 Adler, A, "인간이해" 일빛 2009

13 노안영, "인간 이해 및 성장을 위한 성격심리학" 학지사 2009

14 Noddings, N, "윤리와 도덕교육에 대한 여성적 접근법 - 배려" 천지 2009

15 조강모, "아동의 도덕적 봉사학습 활동에 대한 평가방안" (13) : 2003

16 Corey, G, "심리상담과 치료의 이론과 실제" 시그마 프레스 2004

17 박효종, "봉사학습을 위한 봉사활동 실태조사 연구" 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 (14) : 270-287, 2002

18 Dewey, J, "민주주의와 교육" 교육과학사 1987

19 이정렬, "도덕적 인격 형성을 위한 도덕 정체성의 역할과 도덕교육적 함의" 서울대학교 2009

20 Brandenberger, J.W, "대학, 인격, 그리고 사회적 책임 - 경험을 통한 도덕학습. in: 도덕심리학과 도덕교육" 인간사랑 2008

21 교육과학기술부, "교육과학기술부 고시 제 2009-41에 따른 초․중․고 창의적 체 험활동 교육과정 해설"

22 경기도가족여성연구원, "경기도 청소년 봉사활동 내실화 방안 연구" 2009

23 Bronfenbrenner, U, "the ecology of human development" Harvard university press 1979

24 Bradley, L.R, "Using developmental and learning theory in the design and evaluation of K-16 service-learning programs. in: Studying service-learning: innovation in education research methodlogy" L. Erlbaum Associates 2003

25 Dymond, S.K, "Typing with purpose: linking the word processing curriculum to real world applications through service learning" 83 (83): 2010

26 Permaul, J.S, "Theoretical bases for service-learning: implications for program design and effectiveness" 57 (57): 2009

27 Schuitema, J, "Teaching strategies for moral education: a rewiew" 40 : 2008

28 Ansbacher, H.L, "Superiority and social interest in Alfred Adler; A collection of his later writings (3rd rev. ed.)" Norton 1979

29 Payne, K, "Service learning enhances education for young adolescents in Kappan 2010(February)"

30 Strain, C.R, "Pedagogy and Practice: Service-learning and students' Moral development" (103) : 2005

31 McAdams, D.P, "Moral personality, generitivity and the redemptive self" Center for ethical education 12-14, 2006

32 Furco, A, "Issues of definition and program diversity in the study of service-learning. in: Studying service-learning: innovation in education research methodology" Erlbaum Associates 2003

33 Kohn, A, "How not to teach values : A critical look at character education" 78 : 1997

34 Jacobs, G, "How learning theory creates a foundation for SI Leader Training" (1) : 6-12, 2008

35 Planty, M, "Helping because you have to or helping because you want to? - sustaining participation service work from adolescence through young adulthood" 38 (38): 2006

36 Noddings, N, "Happiness and Education" University of Cambridge Press 2003

37 Dymond, S.K, "Elements of high school service learning programs" 31 (31): 2008

38 Dymond, S.K, "Elements of effective high school service learning programs that include students with and without disabilities" 28 (28): 2007

39 Swaminathan, R, "Educating for the 'Real world': The hidden curriculum of community service-learning" 40 : 2007

40 Schweiker, W, "Disputes and trajectories in responsibility" 27 (27): 2001

41 Pappas, G.F, "Dewey‘s ethics: morality as experience in Reading Dewey: interpretations for a postmodern generations" Indiana University Press 1998

42 Hutchinson, J.N, "Democracy needs strangers, and we are them. in: No education without relation" Peter Lang 2004

43 Nesteruk, J, "Contributing to our students' moral lives" 2007

44 Kielsmeier, J.C, "Build a bridge between service and learning" 91 : 2010