인지적 부담, 형식 초점 활동 및 학습자의 인식이 언어형식 학습에 미치는 영향 = Effects of cognitive load, form-focused activities, and learner awareness on the learning of language forms

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Communicative activities can facilitate a variety of interactional aspects as a necessary condition to develop communicative competence. Although communicative competence includes both fluency and accuracy, many studies focused mainly on the development of fluency by using communicative activities. With an important role of accuracy in communication, this study analyzed the effects of cognitive load, form-focused activities, and learner awareness on the learning of language forms. Three kinds of communicative activities were designed and they were applied to experimental classes in which 48 sophomores participated. Cognitive load can deteriorate interactional aspects for the learning of language forms. Some strategies such as planning, use of written language, and repetition were used in order to reduce learners’ cognitive load. Form-focused activities can help learners notice language forms and structure the forms. Form-focused activities were designed by using corrective feedback, input enhancement, and form-focused exercises. The levels of learner awareness also can have a positive or negative effect on interactional aspects. The data were analyzed in terms of interactional aspects and the learning of language forms. The findings of this study demonstrate that activities to reduce learners’ cognitive load and form-focused activities can facilitate the learning of language forms, especially in terms of interactional aspects for the learning of language forms. The results also reveal that the interactional aspects may be affected by the levels of learner awareness.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김혜경, "형태초점 의사소통 교수학습 모형을 적용한 대학 토익 문법 수업의 효과" 한국현대영어영문학회 57 (57): 75-96, 2013

2 유범, "중학교 영어교과 학습부진 학생의 어휘 및 문법 학습 경험에 관한 질적 연구" 한국영어교과교육학회 13 (13): 105-127, 2014

3 박신향, "입력과 출력중심 및 복합 형태초점 의사소통 활동과 학습자의 사전지식 수준이목표문법 학습에 미치는 영향" 한국외국어교육학회 20 (20): 147-173, 2013

4 최윤정, "딕토글로스 활동이 초등학생의 부정문 학습에 미치는 영향" 한국영어교과교육학회 11 (11): 157-176, 2012

5 Swain, M., "The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing aren’t enough" 50 (50): 158-164, 1993

6 Krashen, S., "The input hypothesis: issues and implications" Longman 1985

7 Robinson, P., "The cognition hypothesis, task design, and adult task-based language learning" 21 (21): 45-105, 2003

8 한은희, "Teaching EFL college writing: Grammatically-correctness-free-setting" 한국영어교과교육학회 8 (8): 145-162, 2009

9 Gass, S., "Stimulated recall methodology in second language research" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2000

10 Finch, A., "My First English Discussion 1" Pearson Longman 2008

11 Mackey, A., "Input, interaction, and corrective feedback in L2 learning" Oxford University Press 2012

12 Long, M., "Handbook of research on language acquisition: Second language acquisition" Academic Press 413-468, 1996

13 Bachman, L., "Fundamental considerations in language testing" Oxford University Press 1990

14 Fotos, S., "Form-focused instruction and teacher education" Oxford University Press 2007

15 Long, M., "Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition" Cambridge University Press 15-41, 1998

16 Williams, J., "Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition" Cambridge University Press 139-155, 1998

17 White, J., "Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition" Cambridge University Press 85-113, 1998

18 Doughty, C., "Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition" Cambridge University Press 114-138, 1998

19 DeKeyser, R., "Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition" Cambridge University Press 42-63, 1998

20 Sachs, R., "Conversational interaction in second language acquisition" Oxford University Press 197-225, 2007

21 Mackey, A., "Conversational interaction and second language development: Recasts, responses, and red herrings?" 82 (82): 338-356, 1998

22 Brandle, K., "Communicative language teaching in action" Pearson Education 2008

23 Willis, J., "A framework for task-based learning" Pearson Education 1996

24 Skehan, P., "A cognitive approach to language learning" Oxford University Press 1998