다문화 조직의 문화지향과 다문화 조직성과에 대한 문화간 역량의 매개효과 분석 = A Sudy on Mediation Effect Analysis of the Intercultural Competence Relating to the Cultural Orientation and the Multicultural Organization Performance in the Multicultural organization

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigates (1) how the intercultural competence among organizational members has an effect on the multicultural organization performance and (2) how the cultural orientation of members has an effect on the intercultural competence. In other words, this study deals with the intercultural communication which not only considers relation between the intercultural competence and the multicultural organization performance but also considers the organizational cultural orientation which affects cultural orientation among organizational members. Specially, this study intends to illuminate how the organizational cultural orientation affects the intercultural communication competence and the multicultural organization performance in terms of practical analysis about the intercultural circumstance in which foreign employee work at Korean company.
The multicultural competence is measured by four dimensions of personal relation technology, organizational effectiveness, culture uncertainty and culture consensual. The multicultural orientation is measured by seven dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, future orientation, power distance, human orientation, performance orientation, masculinity/femininity, collectivism which are suggested by Hofstede and GLOBE project survey. Lastly, the multicultural organization performance is measured by five dimensions of (1) the cultural diversity, difference and relation conflict, (2) the organizational members’ geographical distance and dispersal distance, (3) control and mediation handing, (4) plentiful communication maintenance, (5) the organizational cohesiveness development and sustainment.
As the result of analysis, in order to affect the multicultural organization performance, we can directly improve to strengthen the organizational cultural orientation and the intercultural competence, but we can also improve intercultural competence in terms of indirect effect of mediation role between the organizational cultural orientation and the multicultural organization performance. But this paper has some limitations. First, we have limited a scope of analysis within individual level. Secondly, this study is including small number of samples.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Townsend, A. M., "Virtual Teams : Technology and the Workplace of the Future" 12 (12): 17-29, 1998

2 Mowshowitz, A., "Virtual Organization" 40 (40): 30-37, 1997

3 Snow, C. C., "Use Transnational Teams to Globalize your Company" 32 (32): 20-32, 1996

4 Jackson, S. E., "Understanding the Dynamics of Diversity in Decision-making Teams, In Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations" Jossey-Bass 1995

5 Maznevski, M. L., "Understanding our Differences: Performance in Decision-making Groups with Diverse Members" 47 (47): 531-552, 1994

6 Triandis, H. C., "Training to Recognize Individual Differences in Collectivism and Individualism within Culture" 22 (22): 35-47, 1998

7 Elron, E., "Top Management Teams within Multinational Corporations : Effects of Cultural Heterogeneity" 8 (8): 393-413, 1997

8 Smith, K. A., "Top Management Teams Demography and Process : The Role of Social Integration and Communication" 39 (39): 412-438, 1994

9 Black, J. S., "The Right Way to Manage Expats, In World View: Global Strategies for the New Economy" Harvard Business School Press 2000

10 Redmond, M. V., "The Relationship of Intercultural Communication Competence with Stress and the Handling of Stress as Reported by International Students" 17 (17): 235-254, 1991

11 Matveev, A. V., "The Perception of Intercultural Communication Competence by American and Russian Managers with Experience on Multicultural Teams" Ohio University 2002

12 McLeod, P. L., "The Effects of Ethnic Diversity on Idea Generation in Small Groups" 1992

13 Kealey, D. J., "The Effectiveness of Cross-cultural Training for Expatriates : An Assessment of the Literature on the Issue" 20 (20): 141-165, 1996

14 Hall, E. T., "The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time" Doubleday 1989

15 Klimowski, R., "Team Mental Model : Construct or Metaphor?" 20 (20): 403-437, 1994

16 Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.)" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1988

17 Bandura, A., "Self-efficacy" Prentice Hall 1997

18 Shenkar, O., "Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity of CEOs in International Joint Ventures" 23 (23): 55-75, 1992

19 Chen, G. M., "Relationship of the Dimensions of Intercultural Communication Competence" 37 (37): 118-133, 1989

20 Nunnally, J. C., "Psychometric theory (3rd ed..)" McGraw-Hill 1994

21 Lawrence, B. S., "Perspective : The Black Box of Organizational Demography" 8 (8): 1-22, 1997

22 Tenenhaus, M., "PLS path modeling" 48 (48): 159-205, 2005

23 Mendenhall, M. E., "New Perspectives on Expatriate Adjustment and its Relationship to Global Leadership Development, In Developing Global Business Leaders: Policies, Processes, and Innovations" Quorum Books 2001

24 Kirchmeyer, C., "Multicultural Groups : Their Performance and Reactions with Constructive Conflict" 17 (17): 153-170, 1992

25 Cui, G., "Measuring Intercultural Effectiveness : An Integrative Approach" 16 (16): 311-328, 1992

26 Cox, T. H., "Managing Cultural diversity : Implications for Organizational Competitiveness" 5 (5): 45-56, 1991

27 Tung, R. L., "Managing Cross-national and Intra-national Diversity" 32 (32): 461-477, 1993

28 Moosmüller, A., "Learning Objectives in Intercultural Competence: Decoding German Everyday Knowledge from a Japanese Perspective, In Intercultural Competence" Aalborg University Press 1995

29 Spiess, E., "Kooperatives Handlen in Organisationen" Peter Hampp 1996

30 Schneider, S. C., "Interpreting and Responding to Strategic Issues : The Impact of National Culture" 12 (12): 307-320, 1991

31 Samovar, L. A., "Intercultural Communication: A Reader (6th ed.)" Wadsworth 1991

32 Dean, O., "Intercultural Communication Effectiveness as Perceived by American Managers in Saudi Arabia and French Managers in the U. S" 14 (14): 405-424, 1990

33 Klemp, G. O. Jr, "Identifying, Measuring and Integrating Competence, In New Directions for Experimental Learning: Defining and Measuring Competence" Jossey-Bass 1979

34 Pearson, J. C., "Human Communication" McGraw-Hill 2003

35 Guzzo, R. A., "Group Performance and Intergroup Relations in Organization, In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology" Consulting Psychologists Press 1992

36 Shaw, M. E., "Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior" McGraw-Hill 1981

37 Evans, C. E., "Group Cohesion and Performance" 22 (22): 175-186, 1991

38 Marquardt, M.J., "Global Teams: How Top Multinationals Span Boundaries and Cultures with High-speed Teamwork" Davies-Black 2001

39 Roberson, Q. M., "Examining the Link between Diversity and Firm Performance: The Effects of Diversity Reputation and Leader Racial Diversity" 2006

40 Fornell, C., "Evaluation structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error" 18 (18): 39-50, 1981

41 Ng, E. S. W., "Ethnocultural Diversity and Organizational Effectiveness : A Field Study" 9 (9): 980-995, 1998

42 Cox, T. H., "Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative versus Competitive Behavior on a Group Task" 34 (34): 827-847, 1991

43 Anderson, T., "Diversity: stacking up the evidence: a review of knowledge, In Executive Briefing" Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2003

44 Jackson, S. E., "Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resources Initiatives" Guilford 1992

45 Festing, M., "Diversity Management and Firm Performance-A Conceptual Analysis of Intercultural Competence as a moderating variable" 2006

46 Wheelan, S. A., "Development Assessment Tools for Cross-cultural Research" 29 (29): 359-370, 1998

47 Matveev, A. V., "Developing a Scale to Measure Intercultural Communication Competence: A Pilot Study in Multicultural Organizations" 2001

48 Spiess, E., "Daz konzept der empathie, In Formen der cooperation: Bedingungen und perspektiven" Hogrefe 1998

49 Kirchmeyer, C., "C“apitalizing on Ethnic Diversity: An Approach to Managing the Diverse Work Groups of the 1990s" 8 (8): 72-79, 1991

50 Hofstede, G., "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind" McGraw-Hill 1991

51 House, R. J., "Culture, Leadership, and Organization-The GLOBE study of 62 societies" SAGE Publications 2004

52 Hofstede, G., "Culture Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values" Sage 1980

53 Gudykunst, W. B., "Cultural Variability in Communication" 24 (24): 327-348, 1997

54 Watson, W. E., "Cultural Diversity’ Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups" 36 (36): 590-602, 1993

55 Cox, T. H. Jr., "Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research, and Practice" 1993

56 Richard, O. C., "Cultural Diversity in Management, Firm Performance, And The Moderating Role Of Entrepreneurial Orientation Dimensions" 47 (47): 255-266, 2004

57 Abe, H., "Cross-cultural Confirmation of the Dimensions of Intercultural Effectiveness" 7 (7): 53-57, 1983

58 Matveev A. V., "Cross Cultural Communication Competence and Multicultural Team Performance Perceptions of American and Russian Managers" 4 (4): 253-270, 2004

59 Earley, P. C., "Creating Hybrid Team Cultures : An Empirical Test of Transnational Team Functioning" 43 (43): 26-49, 2000

60 Spitzberg, B. H., "Communication Competence as Knowledge, Skill and Impression" 32 (32): 323-329, 1983

61 Martin, J. N., "Behavioral Categories of Intercultural Communication Competence: Everyday Communicator" 13 (13): 303-332, 1989

62 Gudykunst, W. B., "Applying Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory to Intercultural Adjustment Training" 22 (22): 227-250, 1998