The theory of relativity has fundamentally transformed humanity's understanding of the natural world and is regarded as one of the key pillars of modern physics. In particular, special relativity revealed that time and space, which had been considered...
The theory of relativity has fundamentally transformed humanity's understanding of the natural world and is regarded as one of the key pillars of modern physics. In particular, special relativity revealed that time and space, which had been considered absolute, are not absolute, and presented a new perspective that unified them. Beyond physics, special relativity has influenced various fields and aspects of everyday life. Moreover, it exemplifies the nature of science and the characteristics of scientific progress. For these reasons, special relativity has been included in secondary education curricula not only in Korea but also in many other countries. In Korea, it has been considered an essential concept for future citizens and was incorporated into the national curriculum starting with the 2009 revision.
However, students face several difficulties in learning special relativity. Understanding its content requires a shift from a classical mechanics perspective to a relativistic one. Due to space limitations in textbooks, the core concepts of special relativity are often insufficiently addressed. Therefore, teachers must analyze and interpret the curriculum and textbooks, then reconstruct the curriculum and design lessons appropriate to their classroom context. For example, various strategies must be devised to promote deep learning of scientific content within its flow and context.
As one way to support such efforts by teachers, this study focused on science teaching based on practices in science. This is because practices in science can provide a vivid context for understanding scientific concepts. Specifically, practices in science represent human activities in the exploration of nature, revealing the historical flow and investigative context of science. Such characteristics of practices in science can contribute to the successful implementation of the 2022 revised science curriculum. For example, the 2022 curriculum emphasizes storylines, essence, and structure to promote deep learning, and it is expected that corresponding concrete elements can be found within practices in science.
Furthermore, science teaching based on practices in science may help students overcome difficulties in learning and facilitate deep understanding. A recent study reported that a physics teaching on electromagnetic waves based on practices in science supported students' understanding of the topic. However, that study was limited to a single trial lesson. Thus, there is a need for more comprehensive and authentic research that designs and applies full instructional units based on practices in science to major physics topics in actual school settings.
Accordingly, this study aimed to enhance students’ understanding of special relativity by developing and applying physics teaching based on practices in science. The specific research questions were as follows:
1. How can ‘good’ teaching on special relativity based on practices in science be designed?
2. What understanding of special relativity do the students who participated in the teaching demonstrate?
The study was conducted with general high school students enrolled in the 「Physics I」 course. The data collected to examine students’ understanding included questionnaires from each lesson, a final questionnaire completed during the last lesson on special relativity, and in-depth individual interviews. To analyze the data, the study employed a modified framework based on Wiggins & McTighe’s (2005) six facets of understanding, adapted to suit science education (Lee, Shim, & Lee, 2025).
The results of the study are as follows:
First, the design of the special relativity teaching based on practices in science proceeded in three stages: groundwork for curriculum reconstruction, reconstruction of the curriculum, and instructional design. Specifically, the 2015 revised science curriculum was first analyzed. Then, Einstein & Infeld’s 『The Evolution of Physics (1938)』, recognized in prior studies for embodying practices in science related to relativity, was examined. Challenges students face in learning special relativity reported in previous studies were also considered. Based on these, the curriculum for special relativity (in terms of timing and content) was reconstructed. The selected content elements included: Galileo's principle of relativity, the principle of relativity, the constancy of the speed of light, the relativity of simultaneity, time dilation, length contraction, mass-energy equivalence, the new transformation(Lorentz transformation) and the muon example, problem solving, and the new concept of spacetime. The unit was organized into ten lessons. Each lesson was structured according to general instructional phases but was designed to reflect teaching based on practices in science through the stages of invitation, development/participation, and growth/evaluation. In particular, a key consideration in the teaching design was to provide students with opportunities to be invited into the practices in science and to actively participate in learning. To achieve this, every lesson incorporated the flow and context of special relativity, embedding its core ideas, ways of thinking, and values. In addition, a questionnaire was administered in each lesson so that students could reflect on and evaluate their own learning. Activities were also included to help students look back on the overall teaching of special relativity and reflect on themselves.
Second, the forms of understanding demonstrated by the students who participated in the teaching are as follows. The first type was characterized by the steady formation of self-knowledge, integrating multiple facets of understanding. Four students exhibited this pattern. They deeply resonated with the practices of special relativity, actively engaged in inquiry, and were able to apply the knowledge they had acquired. These students also recognized scientific perspectives, modes of scientific thinking, and attitudes, while consistently showing metacognitive thinking by monitoring the development of their own understanding. The second type involved the formation of self-knowledge through a consistent interplay of explanation and empathy. Three students fell into this category. They empathized with the ways of thinking and attitudes of scientists of the time and expressed fascination with the lesson content. They also formed self-knowledge by evaluating themselves and committing to change. The third type was characterized primarily by explanation, with students reflecting on their learning and showing a new awareness of physics during the final stage of the lessons. Eight students were identified as fitting this pattern. In contrast, one student experienced continuous difficulty in understanding due to unresolved struggles in the early phase of learning.
This study specifically presented the instructional design process based on practices in science and applied it in actual teaching. Although the degree varied, students who participated in the teaching generally showed signs of approaching authentic understanding as aspects of knowledge and understanding, processes and skills, and values and attitudes became interconnected in diverse ways.