종교지향과 주관적 웰빙의 관계에 대한 종교적 원리주의의 조절효과 = The Moderate Effect of the Religious Fundamentalism on Religious Orientations and Subjective Well-being

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to investigate how religious orientation of college students and the religious fundamentalism are related to their subjective well-being, and the interaction of religious orientations and the religious fundamentalism on their well-being. The participants were 374 college students who studies at an university located in Seoul, whose average of age were 22.54 (SD=4.79). The psychological tests used in this research included the following: I/E-R, the Religious Fundamentalism Scale, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Emotion Frequency Test, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, Life Satisfaction Motivation Scale, and Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale. Although religious students experienced more religious well-being than non-religious students, their subjective well-being were not higher than those of non-religious students. Results reveal that religious orientations were positively related to subjective well-being such as life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and positive emotions, as well as spiritual well-being. However, those covariance was approximately 4～6% only. Religious fundamentalism was also positively related to spiritual well-being and life satisfaction, it was negatively related to the motivation to live though. On the other hand, moderate effects of the religious fundamentalism on the relations of religious orientations to most of subjective well-being variables. Results of simple main effect analyses indicated that the students who were strongly oriented toward religion with higher religious fundamentalism showed significantly higher existential well-being, positive emotions, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and especially their motivation and expectation for future life, whereas there were no significant differences in subjective well-being of students with lower religious fundamentalism by religious orientation. This finding suggests that some religiosity variables could affect human well-being with interactions

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 종교지향과 종교적 원리주의가 주관적 웰빙과 어떤 관계가 있는지와, 웰빙에 대한 종교지향과 종교적 원리주의의 상호작용을 탐색하는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 서울시에 위치한 한 대학에 재학하고 있는 374명의 대학생들이었으며, 그들의 평균 연령은 22.54(SD=4.79)세였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 심리검사는 I/E-R 종교지향척도, 종교적 원리주의척도, 영적안녕척도, 정서빈도검사, 삶의 만족척도, 주관적 행복척도, 삶의 동기척도 및 삶의 기대척도이다. 분석 결과, 종교를 가진 대학생은 그렇지 않은 대학생보다 종교적 안녕을 더 경험하고 있었지만 주관적 웰빙 수준은 더 높지 않았다. 대학생의 종교지향은 영적 안녕은 물론, 삶의 만족, 주관적 행복, 긍정정서 등과 같은 웰빙 변인과 관계가 있었다. 하지만 종교지향이 주관적 웰빙 변인과 공변하는 부분은 4～6%가량 밖에 되지 않았다. 종교적 원리주의는 영적 안녕이나 삶의 만족과는 정적 상관이 있었지만, 삶의 동기와는 부적 상관을 보였다. 한편, 대부분의 주관적 웰빙 변인과 종교지향의 관계에서 종교적 원리주의의 조절효과가 발견되었다. 단순주효과 분석결과, 종교적 원리주의 성향이 약한 대학생의 경우 종교지향이 수준에 따라 주관적 웰빙 수준에 큰 차이가 없었지만, 종교적 원리주의 성향이 강한 경우 종교지향이 수준이 강하면 그렇지 않은 것보다 실존적 안녕 수준이 높고 긍정정서나 행복감을 더 느끼고 삶을 만족하고 있었는데, 특히 미래의 삶에 대한 동기와 기대 수준이 매우 높았다. 이런 결과는 종교 관련 변인들이 상호작용하며 주관적 웰빙에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김동기, "행복과 종교적 태도의 개념관계 모형들에 대한 비교 검증" 한국건강심리학회 12 (12): 347-365, 2007

2 김혜숙, "한국인의 모임활동과 주관적 안녕감" 3 (3): 41-60, 1997

3 문화관광부, "청소년의 영혼과 종교세계 의식조사" 청소년 대화의 광장 1997

4 통계청, "인구주택총조사 보고서" 통계청 2005

5 김성민, "융의 심리학과 종교" 동명사 1998

6 서경현, "영적 안녕, 생활 스트레스 및 대처" 한국건강심리학회 9 (9): 333-350, 2004

7 김정호, "스트레스의 원인으로 작용하는 동기 및 인지" 덕성여자대학교 학생생활연구소 16 : 1-26, 2000

8 전겸구, "생활스트레스, 영적 안녕 및 우울간의 관계" 23 (23): 311-325, 2000

9 조명한, "삶의 질에 대한 국가간 비교" 집문당 1998

10 김정호, "삶의 만족 및 삶의 기대와 스트레스 및 웰빙의 관계: 동기상태이론의 적용" 한국건강심리학회 12 (12): 325-345, 2007

11 김정호, "동기상태이론 : 스트레스와 웰빙의 통합적 이해" 한국건강심리학회 11 (11): 453-484, 2006

12 김정호, "긍정정서와 부정정서의 정서경험유형" 대한스트레스학회 16 (16): 343-350, 2008

13 김정호, "‘삶의 만족’은 만족스러운가: 주관적 웰빙 측정의 보완" 한국사회문제심리학회 15 (15): 187-205, 2009

14 Reeve, J., "Understanding motivation and emotion (4th ed)" Wiley 2005

15 Rosenstiel, A. K., "The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment" 32 (32): 457-468, 1983

16 Andreasen, N. J. C., "The role of religion in depression" 11 : 153-166, 1972

17 Batson, C. D., "The religious experience: A Social-psychological perspective" Oxford University Press 1982

18 Pargament, K., "The psychology of religion and coping" Guilford 1977

19 Argyle, M., "The psychology of happiness" Routledge 2001

20 Allport, G. W., "The nature of prejudice" Perseus Books 1954

21 Allport, C. W., "The individual and his religion" Macmillan 1950

22 Wilber, K., "The eye of spirit" Shambhala Publication 1997

23 Diener, E., "The Satisfaction with Life Scale" 49 : 71-75, 1985

24 Armstrong, K., "The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism" Ballantine Books 2001

25 Diener, E., "Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress" 125 : 276-302, 1999

26 Diener, E., "Subjective well-being" 95 : 542-575, 1984

27 Ellison, C. W., "Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement" 11 (11): 330-340, 1983

28 Ross, L. A., "Spiritual dimension: its importance to patients’ health, well-being and quality of life and its implications for nursing practice" 32 (32): 457-468, 1995

29 Burris, C. T., "Social identity and the true believer: Responses to threatened self stereotypes among the intrinsically religious" 39 : 257-278, 2000

30 Piedmont, R. L., "Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 13" Brill 2003

31 Maltby, J., "Religious orientation and psychological well-being: The role of the frequency of personal prayer" 4 : 363-378, 1999

32 Idler E. L., "Religious involvement and the health of the elderly: Some hypotheses and a test" 66 : 226-238, 1987

33 Ellison, C. G., "Religious involvement and subjective well-being" 32 : 80-99, 1991

34 Hunsberger, B., "Religious fundamentalism and religious doubts: Content, consciousness and complexity of thinking" 6 : 39-49, 1996

35 Argyle, M., "Religious experiences and their relationships with happiness and personality" 10 : 157-172, 2000

36 Chatters, L. M., "Religious Participation and DSM-IV Disorders Among Older African Americans: Findings from the national survey of American life" 16 : 957-965, 2008

37 Steinitz, L. Y., "Religiosity, well-being, and weltanschauung among the elderly" 19 : 60-67, 1980

38 Chamberlain, K., "Religiosity, life memory, and well-being: Some relationships in a sample of women" 28 : 411-420, 1989

39 Peterson, L. R., "Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religions’ consequences for psychological well-being" 27 : 49-62, 1985

40 Bergin, A. E., "Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta- analysis" 14 : 170-184, 1983

41 Lea, G., "Religion, mental health, and clinical issues" 21 : 336-351, 1982

42 Batson, C. D., "Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective" Oxford University Press 1993

43 Bergin, A. E., "Psychotherapy and religious values" 48 : 75-105, 1980

44 Frankl, V., "Psychotherapy and existentialism" Simon & Schuster 1967

45 Ellis, A., "Psychotherapy and atheistic values: A response to A. E. Bergin’s “Psychotherapy and religious values”" 48 : 635-639, 1980

46 Allport, G. W., "Personal religious orientation and prejudice" 5 : 432-443, 1967

47 Gorsuch, R. L., "Intrinsic/Extrinsic Measurement: I/E-Revised and Single-Item Scales" 28 : 348-354, 1989

48 Hathaway, W. L., "Intrinsic religiousness, religious coping, and psychosocial competence" 29 : 423-441, 1990

49 Donahue, M. J., "Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis" 48 : 400-419, 1985

50 Seligman, M. E. P., "Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death" W. H. Freeman 1975

51 Brannon, L., "Health psychology: An introduction to behavior and health" Wordsworth 2000

52 American Psychological Association, "Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct" 47 : 1597-1611, 1992

53 Witter, R. A., "Education and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis" 6 : 165-173, 1985

54 Ellis, A., "Do some religious beliefs help create emotional disturbance?" 4 : 101-106, 1986

55 Pollner, M., "Divine relations, social relations, and well-being" 30 : 92-104, 1989

56 Gorsuch, R. L., "Development of an “age universal” I-E scale" 22 : 181-187, 1983

57 Inglehart, R., "Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society" Princeton University Press 1990

58 Nielsen, S. L., "Counseling and psychotherapy with religious persons" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2001

59 Veenhoven, R., "Correlates of Happiness (3 Vols.)" RISBO, Center for Socio-Cultural Transformation 1994

60 Ellis, A., "Can REBT be effectively used with people who have devout beliefs in God and religion?" 31 : 29-33, 2000

61 Crawford, C., "Ayurveda: The science of long life in contemporary perspective. in: Eastern and western approaches to healing: Ancient wisdom and modern knowledge" John Wiley & Sons 1989

62 Altmeyer, B., "Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice" 2 : 113-133, 1992

63 Kirkpatrick, L. A., "A psychometric analysis of the Allport-Ross and Feagin measures of intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation. in: Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 1" JAI Press 1-31, 1989

64 Lyubomirsky, S., "A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation" 46 : 137-155, 1999

65 Kirkpatrick, L. A., "A longitudinal study of changes in religious belief and behavior as a function of individual differences in adult attachment style" 36 : 207-217, 1997