Terrestrial global productivity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = xiii
• Preface = xvii
• 1. Terrestrial Primary Productivity : Definitions and Milestones / Jacques Roy ; Bernard Saugier = 1
• Part Ⅰ Component Processes
• 2. Canopy Photosynthesis : History, Measurements, and Models / Dennis D. Baldocchi ; Jeffrey S. Amthor
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 9
• Ⅱ. History = 10
• Ⅲ. Current Theoretical Concepts = 13
• Ⅳ. Processes : Response of Canopy Photosynthesis to External Forcings = 17
• Ⅴ. Canopy Photosynthesis in the Future = 24
• Ⅵ. Research Directions = 25
• References = 26
• 3. Terrestrial Higher Plant Respiration and Net Primary Production / Jeffrey S. Amthor ; Dennis D. Baldocchi
• Ⅰ. Plant Respiration in Relation to Terrestrial Ecosystem Net Primary Production = 33
• Ⅱ. Regulation of Respiration Rate = 34
• Ⅲ. The Fundamental (Semi) Mechanistic Model of Plant Respiration = 36
• Ⅳ. Respiration following and during Photosynthesis = 42
• Ⅴ. Respiration in Leaves, Stems, and Roots = 43
• Ⅵ. Respiration in Comparison to Photosynthesis at the Ecosystem Scale = 44
• Ⅶ. Optimum Leaf Area Index : Does It Exist? = 47
• Ⅷ. Big Trees and Declining Forest Net Primary Production = 49
• Ⅸ. Respiratory Responses to Environmental Change : The Future = 51
• Ⅹ. Summary = 52
• References = 52
• 4. Phenology, Growth, and Allocation in Global Terrestrial Productivity / Robert B. Jackson ; Martin J. Lechowicz ; Xia Li, ; Harold A. Mooney
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 61
• Ⅱ. Phenology = 62
• Ⅲ. Growth and Allocation = 69
• Ⅳ. Future Directions = 72
• Ⅴ. Summary and Conclusions = 78
• References = 79
• 5. From Plant Soil : Litter Production and Decomposition / Richard Joffre ; G$$\ddot o$$ran I. Ågren
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 83
• Ⅱ. Litter Inputs : Quantity and Quality = 84
• Ⅲ. From Plant Organic Matter to Soil Organic Matter = 90
• Ⅳ. Research Needs = 94
• Ⅴ. Concluding Remarks = 94
• References = 95
• 6. Herbivory and Trophic Interactions / Sam J. McNaughton
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 101
• Ⅱ. Herbivores and Trophic Relations in Global Evolutionary Context = 102
• Ⅲ. Herbivory and the Environment = 104
• Ⅳ. Plant Architecture = 108
• Ⅴ. Tri-trophic Interactions = 110
• Ⅵ. Trophic Interactions and Plant Community Composition = 111
• Ⅶ. Grazing and Detritus Food Webs in a Global Biome Context = 111
• Ⅷ. Resolving a Dilemma : Remote Sensing, Herbivory, and Trophic Interactions = 115
• Ⅸ. Conclusions = 116
• References = 116
• 7. Water, Nitrogen, Rising Atmospheric CO₂, and Terrestrial Productivity / Denis Loustau ; Bruce Hungate ; Bert G. Drake
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 123
• Ⅱ. The Constraints = 125
• Ⅲ. Effects of Water Regime on Net Primary Production = 133
• Ⅳ. Effects of CO₂ on NPP and NEP = 140
• Ⅴ. Interactions between CO₂ and Nutrients = 148
• Ⅵ. Interactions between Water Regime and CO₂ Concentrations = 150
• Ⅶ. Interactions between CO₂Water, and Nitrogen = 152
• References = 152
• 8. How Does Biodiversity Control Primary Productivity? / Jacques Roy
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 169
• Ⅱ. Productivity and Species Diversity at Different Spatial Scales = 170
• Ⅲ. Impact of Plant Species and Functional Group Diversity on Intensity of Ecosystem Fluxes = 172
• Ⅳ. Mechanisms Relating Plant Diversity and Flux Intensity = 175
• Ⅴ. Impact of Plant Diversity on the Stability of Ecosystem Fluxes = 177
• Ⅵ. Conclusions and Perspectives = 179
• References = 181
• Part Ⅱ Ecosystem Productive Performance
• 9. Productivity of Arctic Ecosystems / Gaius Shaver ; Sven Jonasson
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 189
• Ⅱ. Environment = 191
• Ⅲ. Primary Production and Net Ecosystem Production = 193
• Ⅳ. Environmental Controls, Direct and Indirect = 195
• Ⅴ. Effects of Species Composition = 197
• Ⅵ. Short-versus Long-Term Controls = 200
• Ⅶ. Priorities for New Research = 203
• References = 204
• 10. Productivity of Boreal Forests / Paul G. Jarvis ; Bernard Saugier ; E. -Detlef Schulze
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 211
• Ⅱ. Nature and Extent of Boreal Forests = 212
• Ⅲ. Recent Research Programs = 214
• Ⅳ. Biophysical Properties = 216
• Ⅴ. Evaporation, Transpiration, and Climate = 218
• Ⅵ. Biomass and Productivity = 219
• Ⅶ. Production Processes = 227
• Ⅷ. Stand Annual Carbon Balance = 234
• Ⅸ. Radiation Use Efficiency = 236
• Ⅹ. Regional Production and Sensitivity to Global Change = 238
• XI. Summary = 239
• References = 240
• 11. Productivity of Evergreen and Deciduous Temperate Forests / Peter B. Reich ; Paul Bolstad
• Ⅰ. Nature and Extent of Temperate Forests = 245
• Ⅱ. Productivity Values = 246
• Ⅲ. Control on ANPP Due to Water, Soils, Disturbance, and Vegetation Type = 249
• Ⅳ. Component and Total Carbon Flux and Scaling Relations = 255
• Ⅴ. Human Impacts on Production = 270
• Ⅵ. Summary = 276
• References = 277
• 12. Productivity of Temperate Grasslands / Osvaldo E. Sala
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 285
• Ⅱ. Productivity Patterns and Control = 288
• Ⅲ. Secondary Productivity Patterns and Control = 295
• Ⅳ. Grassland Primary Production, Carbon Balance, and Global Change = 296
• References = 298
• 13. Productivity of Agro-ecosystems / Jan Goudriaan ; J. J. Rob Goot ; Peter W. J. Uithol
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 301
• Ⅱ. Potential and Actual Net Primary Production = 301
• Ⅲ. Primary Productivity of Agriculture = 303
• Ⅳ. Time Trends in Productivity, Nitrogen Uptake, and Fertilizer Use = 307
• Ⅴ. Who Consumes the Production? = 309
• Ⅵ. Discussion = 310
• Ⅶ. Summary = 312
• References = 313
• 14. Hierarchy and Productivity of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems / Serge Rambal
• Ⅰ. Nature and Extent of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems = 315
• Ⅱ. Productivity in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems = 316
• Ⅲ. Scaling Up Leaf Production = 323
• Ⅳ. Environmental Limitations on NPP = 331
• Ⅴ. The Threats of Global Change = 335
• Ⅵ. Summary = 336
• References = 338
• 15. Productivity of Deserts / James R. Ehleringer
• Ⅰ. Nature and Extent of Deserts = 345
• Ⅱ. Standing Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity Rates = 346
• Ⅲ. Seasonality Components of Net Primary Production = 350
• Ⅳ. Human Impacts on Primary Productivity in Desert Regions = 353
• Ⅴ. Anticipated Impacts of Global Change on Deserts = 357
• Ⅵ. Conclusions = 359
• References = 359
• 16. Productivity of Tropical Savannas and Grasslands / Jo I. House ; David O. Hall
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 363
• Ⅱ. Definition = 364
• Ⅲ. Extent = 366
• Ⅳ. Plant Composition : Structural and Functional Variability = 369
• Ⅴ. Estimates of Biomass and Productivity = 374
• Ⅵ. Biophysical Properties, Fluxes, and Efficiencies = 382
• Ⅶ. Environmental Determinants = 386
• Ⅷ. Human Influence = 391
• Ⅸ. Climate Change = 392
• Ⅹ. Summary = 393
• Reference = 393
• 17. Productivity of Tropical Rain Forests / John Grace ; Yadvinder Malhi ; Niro Higuchi ; Patrick Meir
• Ⅰ. The Nature and Extent of Tropical Rain Forests = 401
• Ⅱ. Production Values = 406
• Ⅲ. Components of Production = 412
• Ⅳ. Estimate of Global Productivity = 415
• Ⅴ. Human and Environmental Impacts = 416
• Ⅵ. Research Needs = 418
• References = 420
• Part Ⅲ Global Productivity
• 18. Determining Present Patterns of Global Productivity / Wolfgang Cramer ; Richard J. Olson ; Stephen D. Prince ; Jonathan M. O. Scurlock
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 429
• Ⅱ. The Nature of Available NPP Observations = 431
• Ⅲ. Assessing Productivity at the Continental to Global Scale = 439
• Ⅳ. Outlook : Development of an Improved Database = 445
• References = 445
• 19. Integrating Global Models of Terrestrial Primary Productivity / Philippe Ciais ; Pierre Friedlingstein ; Andrew Friend ; David S. Schimel
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 449
• Ⅱ. Different Nature and Purposes of Global Models = 450
• Ⅲ. Modeling Biospheric Processes = 454
• Ⅳ. Indirect Constraints on NPP from Remote-Sensed and Atmospheric Observations = 461
• Ⅴ. Concluding Remarks = 472
• References = 473
• 20. Reconstructing and Modeling Past Changes in Terrestrial Primary Productivity / Jo$$\ddot e$$l Guiot ; I. Colin Prentice ; Changhui Peng ; Dominique Jolly ; Fouzia Laarif ; Ben Smith
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 479
• Ⅱ. Reconstruction of Vegetation Composition and NPP From Paleodata = 482
• Ⅲ. Global Simulation of Vegetation and NPP = 486
• Ⅳ. Conclusions = 494
• References = 495
• 21. Global Terrestrial Productivity and Carbon Balance / Richard A. Houghton
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 499
• Ⅱ. Carbon Fluxes, 1850 to 1990 = 502
• Ⅲ. Carbon Fluxes, 1980 to 1995 = 504
• Ⅳ. Future Changes in Carbon Storage and NPP Likely as a Result of Human Activity = 510
• Ⅴ. Conclusions = 515
• References = 517
• 22. Predicting the Future Productivity and Distribution of Global Terrestrial Vegetation / F. Ian Woodward ; Mark R. Lomas ; Susan E. Lee
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 521
• Ⅱ. Methods = 522
• Ⅲ. Model Projections = 524
• Ⅳ. Model Projections for the 1860s to the 2090s = 529
• Ⅴ. Summary = 540
• References = 540
• 23. Estimations of Global Terrestrial Productivity : Converging toward a Single Number? / Bernard Saugier ; Jacques Roy ; Harold A. Mooney
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 543
• Ⅱ. Synthesis of Biome Data = 544
• Ⅲ. Comparison of NPP and Phytomass Estimated by Different Methods = 551
• Ⅳ. Global Change-Induced Variations in NPP and NEP = 553
• Ⅴ. Conclusions = 554
• References = 555
• Index = 559
• Previous Volumes in Series = 573