It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is in expo...
It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is in exporting markets. The analysis also has a significant implication on exporting-related policies of the government and countermeasure of domestic producers for import. One of the direct methods to analyze the competitiveness is to measure it in terms of "differentiation." Differentiation is a kind of terms used to imply how different a product is from the substitutes with respect to price, quality, production cost, fame, certification, etc.
Competitiveness of a product is determined not by a single factor, such as price, or production costs, but by consumer's preferences that the all factors together are revealed. For example, beef produced from Korea-origined variety, Hanwoo, doesn't seem to have a competitive edge judged from price and production costs but it has kept being competitive in domestic beef markets. The example of Hanwoo beef shows that the main factors to determine the competitiveness of a product at market is the degree of differentiation that reflects the consumers' preferences. Differentiation could be considered a process that makes a product more heterogeneous to its substitutes. In general, the demand of highly differentiated products is hardly affected by the change in price of substitutes. From a point of competitive view, the more different the higher competitive. Thus, the degree of substitution can be used as one of the indices of competitiveness.
The way of assessing competitiveness of a product can be also expanded to the national level. Feenstra suggested a way of measuring substitution elasticities through CES utility function. The elasticities estimated can be interpreted to indicate the competitiveness of a country at world market.
This research is designed to assess the aggregate competitiveness of all of Korea's agricultural products exported to international markets and to understand the foreigners' preferences on domestic agricultural products through the survey. With the survey we attempt to find out what characteristics of domestic agricultural products affect the purchases of foreigners and what strategies might be applied to exporting markets to promote the exports. Based on the analysis, we finally present policy alternatives for product differentiation in terms of production, marketing, research and development, export, etc.
The analysis of intensive and extensive margins proved that the countries which increase the market shares have bigger intensive margin than extensive margin. The result has an implication that the strategy to increase exporting quantity is still more effective for the greater market shares. Some countries increased their shares by exporting more diverse commodities, rather than exporting larger quantity of a few commodities. The result implies that diversity also affects market shares at international markets, though not significant as much as manufactures.
Estimated elasticities of substitution of Korea are much larger than those of other countries, which says that agricultural products of Korea are even less competitive at international markets. The US's elasticity of substitution was smallest among the estimates, so the US products have the strongest competitiveness at exporting market.
According to an analysis of the survey, foreigners have great interests in quality of products and confidence in certificates but they take little care of where products are produced. Also, foreigners who have stayed longer in Korea tend to favor the Korean agricultural products. So it is necessary for domestic goods to be continuously exposed to consumers of importing countries to raise the market share of Korea's agricultural products.