발우(鉢盂)의 유전(流轉) - 인도 불교미술의 불발(佛鉢) 경배 - = The Fate of a Bowl (or Bowls): Representations of the Buddha`s Bowl and Early Indian Buddhism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The veneration of a bowl is one of the most common themes in Gandharan relief carvings. Especially, it is frequently visible on the pedestals of Buddha and Bodhisattva images. Based on the accounts of the Buddha`s life, Alfred Foucher suggested long ago that the bowl was one that the Buddha purportedly had created through the merger of four bowls presented by the Four Heavenly Kings when he was first served food by two merchants, Trapusa and Bhallika after enlightenment. More recently, Kuwayama Shoshin vigorously pursued the subject in a series of works and clarified many important details regarding the incident. Particularly, he drew our attention to the accounts in two sources preserved in Chinese, the Mamingpusazhuan and the Fufazang yinyuan zhuan, which state that the bowl was brought to Peshawar by a Little Yuezhi king or King Kanishka from a city in Middle India or Pataliputra. The historicity of the transportation of the bowl from Middle India by a Little Yuezhi king or Kanishka may not be given full credibility because it could have been a later elaboration for justifying the authenticity of the bowl in the two pseudo-historical sources that were supposedly translated into Chinese as late as the fourth to the fifth centuries. Yet most of Gandharan representations of the veneration of a bowl would roughly fall into the second and third centuries, a period approximately corresponding to the second Kushana dynasty that started with the accession of Kanishka. In any case, it seems that the distinctive prevalence of the theme in Gandharan art cannot be explained without taking into consideration the presence of the bowl in Peshawar as a prized - and probably the most celebrated - relic of the Buddha for Gandharan Buddhists. While Kuwayama counted forty-seven examples from Gandhara and the number would be easily expanded with more extensive search, representations of the bowl are extremely rare outside the region. This may be understandable, given that the worship of the bowl was a tradition strongly localized in Gandhara, and perhaps Buddhists in other regions did not pay much attention to the claim in the far Northwest. From contemporary Mathura we have merely a few extant examples. Although this obviously looks an insignificant number, they raise interesting problems as regards the tradition of the Buddha`s bowl in visual and literary sources. Focusing on these examples from Mathura, this paper explores the conception of the locality of the Buddha`s bowl in India proper and its significance in early Indian Buddhism.

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