Multilevel Analysis of the British Model of U3A : History, management, learning and teaching, and participants’ experiences

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined the U3A, the learning organization of older people in the UK. The characteristics of U3A in the UK were examined from the multilevel analysis framework, adapted from Bray(2004). This british model was the 'self-help model', which was initiated due to neo-liberalism in 1970s. UK U3A had the bottom-up style of management; flexible role of teacher and student; and buffet or cafeteria style of subjects. U3A was connected to the tradition of adult liberal education, having no assessment, non-vocational programme and independent curriculum. In U3As, members preferred discussion method and academic subjects like philosophy, psychology, and history etc. Considering members' background, many of them used to have professional jobs; high educational level; and currently have good financial and health condition. Therefore, as Findsen(2005) pointed out, the UK U3A was related to middle-class culture.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Midwinter, E., "U3A logy: the thinking behind the U3A in the UK"

2 Formosa, M., "The university of the third age"

3 Schuller, T., "The benefits of learning. The impact of education on health, family life and social capital" RoutledgeFalmer 2004

4 Han, Y. S., "The Implications of 1984/85 coal miner’s strike on the UK welfare system" Hankuk University 2005

5 Formosa, M., "Renewing universities of the third Age; Challenges and visions for the future" 9 : 171-196, 2009

6 Manheimer, R. J., "Older adult education : a guide to research, programmes, and policies" Greenwood Press 1995

7 Renni, J., "Mutual aid universities" Croom Helm 1984

8 Schuller, T., "Modelling and Measuring the Wider Benefits of Learning: A Synthesis. The Wider Benefits of Learning Papers"

9 Evans, K., "Learning to be citizens in adult life" 4 : 57-61, 2001

10 Findsen, B., "Learning later" Krieger 2005

11 Dench, S., "Learning in later life : motivation and impact. DfEE Research Report 1" DfEE 2000

12 Schuller, T., "Learners of the future : preparing a policy for the third age" 8 (8): 365-379, 1993

13 Percy, K., "Innovations in lifelong learning: critical perspectives on diversity, participation, and vocational learning" Routledge 126-, 2011

14 Withnall, A., "Improving learning in later life" Routledge 2010

15 Bariso, E., "Factors affecting participation in adult education: a case study of participation in Hackney and Waltham Forest" 40 (40): 110-124, 2008

16 Glendenning, F., "Educational gerontology : a review of American and British development" 2 (2): 61-82, 1983

17 Bray, M., "Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao" Springer Netherlands 239-252, 2004

18 Dimmock, C., "Comparative Education Research" Springer Netherlands 283-298, 2007

19 Swindell, R., "An international perspective on the university of the third age" 21 : 429-447, 1995

20 Midwinter, E., "Age is opportunity: education and older people" Centre for Policy and Ageing 1982

21 Cross, K. P., "Adults as learners : increasing participation and facilitating learning" Jossey-Bass 1981

22 Fieldhouse, R., "Adult education and the cold war: Liberal values under siege 1946-51" University of Leeds 1985

23 Kelly, T., "A history of adult education in Great Britain : from the middle ages to the twentieth century" Liverpool University Press 1992

24 Laslett, P., "A fresh map of life" George Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd 1996

25 Midwinter, E., "500 beacons : the U3A story" Third Age Press 2004