도시 스프롤에 대한 논의 재조명과 공간 분석 방법론에 토대한 도시 스프롤 측정 연구 ― 수도권을 사례로 ― = Reappraisal of the Issues on the urban sprawl and the urban sprawl measurement based on spatial analysis methodology: the case of the Seoul Metropolitan region

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to reappraise the issues and theories of the urban sprawl appeared during suburbanization process, and to measure the urban sprawl of the Seoul Metropolitan region(SMR) quantitatively with the spatial analysis methodology. In the SMR the urbanized areas were expanded with the enormous population growth since 1970s. During this urbanization process, the urban sprawl appeared clearly, which can be understood in terms of population and urbanized area, spatial geometry, landuse changes, relationship between the population and employment density, and land values. The population of the SMR increased greatly, with the expansion of the urbanized region. In the spatial geometry, the morphology of the expanded urbanized area was found as the irregular shape, not the prototypical shape, with the measurement of the urban sprawl using shape index, leapfrog index. Also, The urbanized area of the SMR was developed with the leapfrog shape.
The landuse changes of the SMR were detected using Kappa coefficient, which is the method of the landuse change detection from 1975 to 2000. The great amount of the unurbanized land was converted to the urbanized land. Also, the residential sprawl was great in the past, but in recent years, the job sprawl is becoming remarkable in the SMR. Finally, the degree of the landuse in the SMR was analyzed with the land price analysis using GIS. With the result of the land price analysis, the land price was highest in the downtown, and Kang-nam region, while the land price of the suburban SMR region was relatively lower. Also, we found the directional biases of the land price distribution in the SMR.
This empirical research enabled us to understand the urban sprawl of the SMR with the theoretical review and quantitative measurement analysis. It is important to understand the urban spatial structure related to the urban sprawl, and also is necessary to consider the related issues of the urban sprawl in the theoretical and empirical perspectives simultaneously.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 대도시에 많이 발생되는 공간 현상인 도시 스프롤(urban sprawl)에 대한 심층적 논의를 바탕으로 하여, 도시 스프롤이 구체적인 진행되는 공간 프로세스의 측정에 초점을 두고 있다. 즉, 도시 교외화 과정에서 발생하는 도시 스프롤은 인구, 토지이용 등의 측면에서 공간 구조의 변화를 수반하며, 이러한 도시 내부 구조의 변화를 실증적으로 측정할 수 있는 측정 방법론의 도출을 통해 수도권의 공간구조 변화를 살펴보고자 하였다.
따라서 본 연구는 도시 스프롤의 핵심적인 논의의 재고찰과 더불어 도권의 공간 구조 변화를 탐색할 수 있는 측정 방법을 도시화 지역 변화, 공간 형태 스프롤, 토지이용, 인구 및 고용 밀도의 측면에서 도출하였다. 이렇게 도출된 측정 방법들을 이용하여 수도권의 공간 구조 변화를 살펴보았으며, 서울 도심에서 외부로 비정형적이고 비계획적인 스프롤의 특성을 탐색하였다. 이때 비정형의 스프롤 공간 구조는 시간이 지남에 따라 다양한 형태를 보이고 있으며 또한 인구 및 고용 밀도의 측면에서도 시기별로 차별화된 스프롤 결과를 가지고 있다.
기존의 행정구역 단위 등의 획일적인 자료 활용의 제한성, 도시 스프롤 측정에 적합한 방법론 적용의 부재 등을 극복하는 것은 향후 수도권뿐만 아니라 주요 대도시에서 발생하고 있는 도시 스프롤의 동적인 공간 구조를 탐색하는데 중요하며, 이러한 측면에서 도시 스프롤의 탐색적 측정 연구 발전이 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이민부, "한국지리지 - 수도권편" 건설교통부 국토지리정보원 2007

2 "국가통계포털"

3 Galster, G., "Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept" 12 (12): 681-717, 2001

4 Fulton, W., "Who sprawls most? How growth differ across the U.S" The Brookings Institution 2001

5 Cutsinger, J., "Verifying the multi-dimensional nature of metropolitan land use: advancing the understanding and measurement of sprawl" 27 (27): 235-259, 2005

6 Anderson, W., "Urban form, energy, and the environment: a review of issues, evidence and policy" 33 (33): 7-35, 1996

7 Harvey, R., "The nature and economics of urban sprawl" 41 (41): 1-9, 1965

8 Jaret, C., "The measurement of suburban sprawl: an evaluation" 8 (8): 65-84, 2009

9 Wolman, H., "The fundamental challenge in measuring sprawl: which land should be considered?" 57 (57): 94-105, 2005

10 Brueckner, J., "The economics of urban sprawl: Theory and evidence on the spatial sizes of cities" 65 (65): 479-482, 1983

11 Burton, E., "The compact city: just or just compact? A preliminary analysis" 37 : 1969-2001, 2000

12 Downs, "The challenge of our declining big cities" 8 : 359-408, 1997

13 Hoyt, H., "The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities" Federal Housing Administration 1939

14 Harris, C.D., "The Nature of Cities" 242 : 7-17, 1945

15 Gilham, O, "The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate" Island Press 2002

16 Burgess, E. W., "The Growth of the City, In The City" The University of Chicago Press 47-62, 1925

17 Jenks, M., "The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?" Taylor and Francis 1968

18 Wiewel, W., "Suburban Sprawl" M. E. Sharpe 2002

19 Lopez, R., "Sprawl in the 1990s: measurement, distribution and trends" 38 : 325-355, 2003

20 Tsai, Y., "Quantifying urban form: compactness versus ‘sprawl’" 42 : 141-161, 2005

21 Schwarz, N., "Omnipresent sprawl? A review of urban simulation models with respect to urban shrinkage" 37 : 265-283, 2010

22 Lang, R. E., "Office Sprawl: The Evolving Geography of Business" The Brookings Institution 2000

23 McGrath, D., "More evidence on the spatial scale of cities" 58 (58): 1-10, 2005

24 Frenkel, A., "Measuring urban sprawl: how can we deal with it?" 35 : 56-79, 2008

25 Ewing, R., "Measuring sprawl and its impact" Smart Growth America 2002

26 Stoll, M., "Job Sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between Blacks and Jobs" The Brookings Institution 2005

27 Ewing, R., "Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable?" 63 (63): 107-126, 1997

28 Bullard, R., "Introduction: anatomy, In Sprawl City" Island Press 1-19, 2000

29 Malpezzi, S., "Estimates of the measurement and determinants of urban sprawl in U.S. metropolitan areas" The Center for urban land economics research, University of Wisconsin 1999

30 Johnson, M., "Environmental impacts of urban sprawl: a survey of the literature and proposed research agenda" 33 : 717-735, 2001

31 Kahn, M., "Does sprawl reduce the Black/White housing consumption gap" 12 : 77-86, 2001

32 Ewing, R., "Characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl: a literature review, In Urban ecology" Springer 519-535, 2008

33 Razin, E., "Are fragmentation and sprawl interlinked? North American Evidence" 35 : 821-836, 2000

34 Gordon, P., "Are compact cities a desirable planning goal?" 63 (63): 95-106, 1997

35 Cohen, J., "A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales" 20 (20): 37-46, 1960

36 Torrens, P., "A Toolkit for measuring sprawl" 1 : 5-36, 2008