고려후기 公 · 私개념의 역사적 변환

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper was written to understand the conception of the Gongjeon(公田) and the Sajeon(私田) while reforming the the Sajeon(私田) in the late Goryeo Dynasty. For this work, I analyzed the changes in the concept of the Gong and the Sa from the 12th to 14th century. The concept of the Gong and the Sa would be confirmed through the usage examples of them in the writings, Seohajib(西河集), Donggukisanggukjib(東國李相國集), Ikjesnango(益齋亂藁), Mokeunmungo (牧隱文藁), and Sambongjip(三峯集) which represented the each time. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the word, Gong and Sa, was used 3 to 4.5 characters per 10,000 ones. In the first half of 14th century, it decreasd. This pattern is reversed by the end of the 14th century. In Sambongjip, tthe word, Gong and Sa, was used 6 to 7.5 characters per 10,000 ones. This aspect is same to the case of Goryeosajeolyo(高麗史節要).
The change was not limited to frequency. From the 12th century to the first half of 14th century, the Gong was mainly used in the sense of state or official(官), public, fair, opened, and official. By late 14th century, it had the meaning of Tenri(天理), Gongri(公理), and Gongyi(公義) of the reason of order of the world. Sa also had a change of concept. It was often used to mean self, private, unofficial, secret, and favoritism from the 12th to the first half of 14th century, but in the late 14th century, it mainly meaned selfishness of ‘greed’. In particular, self-interest was confronted with the reason of the world, and thus became a subject of moral criticism.
The moral criticism of the Sa was confirmed by the appeal of the reform of land system in the late Goryeo Dynasty. The officals who filed the appeal, regarded the Sajeon as private land, at the same time understood it as a land in which self-interest has passed, that is, a land in which rich people have been greedy and combined. For this reason, it meaned the moral collapse or invasion toward the moral order. They regarded it as an object of reform and declared the establishment of a fair system of land, through the reform.
The Sajeon which should be abolish, not was the land as private one, but hidden, selfish, freely exchanged land. In fact, under the land system of Gwajeonbeob(과전법), private land was preserved by the Joseon Dynasty. The emergence of Sajeon as selfish land was affected by new thought, Neo-Confucianism.

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