Exploring psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• chapter 1 : Thinking Critically With Psychological Science = 1
• What is Psychology? = 2
• Psychology's Roots = 2
• Psychology's Perspectives = 4
• Psychology's Subfields = 6
• Why Do Psychology? = 7
• What About Intuition and Common Sense? = 8
• The Scientific Attitude = 9
• Critical Thinking = 10
• How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? = 11
• The Scientific Method = 11
• Description = 13
• Correlation = 15
• Thinking Critically About : Hot and Cold Streaks in Basketball and the stock Market = 19
• Experimentation = 20
• Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology = 23
• Tips for Studying Psychology = 27
• Chapter Review = 29
• chapter 2 : Neuroscience and Behavior = 33
• Neural Communication = 34
• Neurons = 34
• How Neurons Communicate = 35
• How Neurotransmitters Influence Us = 36
• The Nervous System = 39
• The Peripheral Nervous System = 40
• The Central Nervous System = 41
• The Brain = 42
• Lowe-Level Brain Structures = 42
• Close-Up : The Tools of Discovery = 44
• The Cerebral Cortex = 49
• Brain Reorganization = 55
• Our Divided Brains = 56
• Thinking Critically About : Left Brain／Right Brain = 60
• The Endocrine System = 60
• Chapter Review = 63
• chapter 3 : The Nature and Nurture of Behavior = 68
• Genes : Our Biological Blueprint = 68
• Evolutionary Psychology : Explaining Universal Behaviors = 69
• Natural Selection = 70
• Sexuality = 71
• Behavior Genetics : Explaining Individual Differences = 74
• Twin Studies = 74
• Adoption Studies = 76
• Temperament Studies = 77
• Group Differences = 78
• Nature Enables Nurture = 78
• Gene-Environment Interaction = 79
• Environmental Influence = 80
• How Much Credit(or Blame) Do Parents Deserve? = 81
• Prenatal Environment = 82
• Experience and Brain Development = 82
• Peer Influence = 83
• Culture = 85
• Gender = 88
• The Nature of Gender = 88
• The Nurture of Gender = 89
• Postscript : Reflections on Nature and Nurture = 92
• Chapter Review = 94
• chapter 4 : The Developing Person = 97
• Prenatal Development and the Newborn = 98
• Conception = 98
• Prenatal Development = 99
• The Competent Newborn = 99
• Infancy and Childhood = 100
• Physical Development = 101
• Cognitive Development = 102
• Social Development = 107
• Adolescence = 113
• Physical Development = 114
• Cognitive Development = 115
• Social Development = 117
• Adulthood = 122
• Physical Changes = 122
• Cognitive Changes = 125
• Social Changes = 128
• Reflections on the Major Developmental Issues = 133
• Continuity and Stages = 133
• Stability and Change = 134
• Chapter Review = 135
• chapter 5 : Sensation and Perception = 139
• Sensing the World : Some Basic Principles = 140
• Thresholds = 140
• Sensory Adaptation = 143
• Vision = 144
• The Stimulus Input : Light Energy = 144
• The Eye = 146
• Visual Information Processing = 148
• Color Vision = 151
• The Other Senses = 154
• Hearing = 154
• Touch = 156
• Pain = 157
• Taste = 159
• Smell = 160
• Body Position and Movement = 161
• Perceptual Organization = 162
• Form Perception = 163
• Depth Perception = 164
• Perceptual Constancy = 168
• Perceptual Interpretation = 171
• Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision = 172
• Perceptual Adaptation = 172
• Perceptual = 173
• Psychology Applied : The Human Factor in Operating Machines = 176
• Is There Extrasensory Perception? = 177
• Claims of ESP = 177
• Premonitions or Pretensions? = 178
• Putting ESP to Experimental Test = 178
• Chapter Review = 181
• chapter 6 : States of Consciousness = 185
• Waking Consciousness = 185
• Selective Attention = 186
• Levels of Information Processing = 187
• Daydreams and Fantasies = 187
• Sleep and Dreams = 189
• Biological Rhythms and Sleep = 189
• Why Do We Sleep? = 193
• Sleep Disorders = 196
• Dreams = 198
• Hypnosis = 201
• Facts and Falsehoods = 202
• Thinking Critically About : Hypnotic Age Regression : A True Story = 204
• Explaining the Hypnotized State = 206
• Drugs and Consciousness = 208
• Dependence and Addiction = 208
• Psychoactive Drugs = 210
• Influences on Drug Use = 217
• Chapter Review = 221
• chapter 7 : Learning 225
• Classical Conditioning = 228
• Pavlov's Experiments = 228
• Updating Pavlov's Understanding = 232
• Pavlov's Legacy = 234
• Close-Up : Rape as Classical Conditioning = 236
• Operant Conditioning = 237
• Skinner's Experiments = 238
• Updating Skinner's Understanding = 243
• Skinner's Legacy = 244
• Contrasting Conditioning Techniques = 246
• Learning by Observation = 247
• Bandura's Experiments = 248
• Applications of Observational Learning = 248
• Chapter Review = 250
• chapter 8 : Memory = 253
• The Phenomenon of Memory = 253
• Information Processing = 254
• Encoding : Getting Information In = 256
• Automatic Processing = 256
• Effortful Processing = 256
• Encoding Strategies = 258
• Storage : Retaining Information = 261
• Sensory Memory = 262
• Short-Term Memory = 262
• Long-Term Memory = 263
• Storing Memories in the Brain = 263
• Retrieval : Getting Information Out = 268
• Retrieval Cues = 268
• Forgetting = 271
• Encoding Failure = 272
• Storage Decay = 273
• Retrieval Failure = 274
• Memory Construction = 277
• Misinformation and Imagination Effects = 278
• Source Amnesia = 279
• Children's Eyewitness Recall = 280
• Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? = 281
• Improving Memory = 284
• Chapter Review = 286
• chapter 9 : Thinking, Language, and Intelligence = 289
• Thinking = 289
• Concepts = 290
• Solving Problems = 291
• Making Decisions and Forming Judgments = 293
• Thinking Critically About : Risks - When Statistics Clash With Heuristics = 295
• Language = 299
• Language Development = 299
• Thinking and Language = 304
• Animal Thinking and Language = 307
• Intelligence = 311
• The Origins of Intelligence Testing = 312
• What is Intelligence = 313
• Assessing Intelligence = 318
• Close-Up : Extremes of Intelligence = 320
• Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence = 321
• Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores = 326
• Chapter Review = 331
• chapter 10 : Motivation = 335
• Motivational Concepts = 335
• Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology = 336
• Drives and Incentives = 336
• Optimum Arousal = 337
• A Hierarchy of Motives = 338
• Hunger = 339
• The Physiology of Hunger = 340
• The Psychology of Hunger = 342
• Close-Up : Eating Disorders = 344
• Obesity and Weight Control = 344
• Close-Up : Helpful Hints for Losing Weight = 352
• Sexual Motivation = 353
• Describing Sexual Behavior = 353
• The Physiology of Sex = 354
• The Psychology of Sex = 356
• Adolescent Sexuality = 357
• Close-Up : Sexual Disorders and Therapy = 358
• Sexual Orientation = 360
• Sex and Human Values = 364
• Close-Up : The Need to Belong = 366
• Achievement Motivation = 366
• Identifying Achievement Motivation = 367
• Sources of Achievement Motivation = 369
• Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement = 369
• Motivating People = 370
• Chapter Review = 373
• chapter 11 : Emotions, Stress, and Health = 377
• Theories of Emotion = 377
• The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories = 378
• Cognition and Emotion = 379
• The Physiology of Emotion = 382
• Arousal = 382
• Physiological States Accompanying Specific Emotions = 383
• Thinking Critically About : Lie Detection = 384
• Expressing Emotion = 385
• Nonverbal Communication = 385
• Culture and Emotional Expression = 387
• The Effects of Facial Expressions = 389
• Experiencing Emotion = 391
• Anger = 392
• Happiness = 393
• Stress and Health = 399
• Stress and Stressors = 399
• Stress and Heart Disease = 404
• Stress and Susceptibility to Disease = 406
• Promoting Health = 411
• Coping With Stress = 411
• Thinking Critically About : Alternative Medicine : New Ways to Health or Old Snake Oil? = 418
• Chapter Review = 421
• chapter 12 : Personality = 425
• The Psychoanalytic Perspective = 426
• Exploring the Unconscious = 426
• Assessing the Unconscious = 430
• Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective = 431
• The Trait Perspective = 436
• Exploring Traits = 437
• Assessing Traits = 439
• Evaluating the Trait Perspective = 440
• Thinking Critically About : How to Be a "Successful" Astrologer or Palm Reader = 442
• The Humanistic Perspective = 445
• Exploring the Self = 445
• Assessing the Self = 446
• Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective = 452
• The Social-Cognitive Perspective = 454
• Exploring Behavior in Situations = 454
• Close-Up : Toward a More Positive Psychology = 457
• Assessing Behavior in Situations = 459
• Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective = 459
• Chapter Review = 461
• chapter 13 : Psychological Disorders = 465
• Perspectives on Psychological Disorders = 466
• Defining Psychological Disorders = 466
• Understanding Psychological Disorders = 468
• Labeling Psychological Disorders = 469
• Thinking Critically About : Insanity and Responsibility = 470
• Anxiety Disorders = 472
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder = 273
• Phobias = 473
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder = 474
• Explaining Anxiety Disorders = 475
• Close-Up : The Wounds of War : Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders = 476
• Mood Disorders = 478
• Major Depressive Disorders = 478
• Bipolar Disorder = 479
• Close-Up : Suicide = 482
• Explaining Mood Disorders = 480
• Close-Up : Loneliness = 486
• Schizophrenia = 487
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia = 488
• Types of Schizophrenia = 489
• Close-Up : Experiencing Schizophrenia = 490
• Understanding Schizophrenia = 489
• Personality Disorders = 493
• Thinking Critically About : Dissociation and Multiple Personalities = 494
• Rates of Psychological Disorder = 497
• Chapter Review = 498
• chapter 14 : Therapy = 501
• The Psychological Therapies = 501
• Psychanalysis = 502
• Humanistic Therapies = 504
• Behavior Therapies = 506
• Cognitive Therapies = 510
• Evaluating Psychotherapies = 512
• Is Psychotherapy Effective? = 513
• Thinking Critically About : "Regressing" From Unusual to Usual = 514
• The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies = 516
• Evaluating Alternative Therapies = 517
• Commonalities Among Psychotherapies = 519
• Close-Up : A Consumer's Guide to Psychotherapists = 521
• Culture and Values in Psychotherapy = 522
• The Biomedical Therapies = 523
• Drug Therapies = 523
• Electroconvulsive Therapy = 526
• Psychosurgery = 526
• Preventing Psychological Disorders = 527
• Chapter Review = 529
• chapter 15 : Social Psychology = 533
• Social Thinking = 533
• Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations = 533
• Attitudes and Actions = 535
• Social Influence = 538
• Conformity and Obedience = 539
• Group Influence = 544
• Social Relations = 548
• Prejudice = 549
• Aggression = 553
• Thinking Critically About : Do Video Games Teach or Release Violence? = 560
• Conflict = 561
• Attraction = 563
• Altruism = 568
• Peacemaking = 571
• Chapter Review = 574
• appendix A : Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life A-1
• Describing Data A-1
• Measures of Central Tendencies A-2
• Measures of Variation A-3
• Correlation : A Measure of Relationships A-3
• Making Inference A-6
• When Is a Difference Reliable? A-6
• When Is a Difference Signifcant? A-7
• appendix B : Sample Answers to Critical Thinking Exercises B-1
• Glossary G-1
• References R-1
• Illustration Credits IC-1
• Name Index NI-1
• Subject Index SI-1