영국 도자 다기 디자인의 재맥락화 연구 : 1700~1850년을 중심으로 = Recontextualization of British Ceramic Tea Set Design: 1700-1850

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ceramics play three roles in one, at the intersection of everyday life, commerce, and
art, and as a practical object, a commodity, and a collector's item simultaneously.
Those have led to the close relationship between ceramic products and daily life,
production, consumption and taste, which provides a variety of perspectives to observe
the history and study of ceramics, and allows for the illumination of many other issues
beyond the ceramic itself. At the beginning of the 17th century, with the frequent
trade of goods after the establishment of maritime trade routes between the Qing
Dynasty and the British Empire, large quantities of Chinese tea and ceramics entered
Britain, which had an impact on the lifestyles, society and even culture of the British
people in the 18th century. Through a study of ceramic tea set design culture, this
paper observes how British ceramics have integrated oriental ceramic products with a
strong exotic flavor, translating them into a part of the local British ceramic culture.
At the same time, this process of translation also implies that British society's initial
imitation and appreciation of oriental culture, and gradually changed to the
self-consciousness of establishing a strong cultural identity belonging to the British
Empire.
This paper uses the literature review in qualitative research and an interdisciplinary
research approach. By coding and analyzing different research literature and
information in a hierarchical way through the grounded theory approach. From a wide
range of British ceramic design cultures this research focuses on the process of
reference, integration, and de-Chineseization, summing up an analysis framework of
the localization of British ceramic tea set. Through the transdisciplinary research of
ceramic studies, design studies and material culture studies are combined. Ceramics
study focuses on the materials, glazes, patterns, and craft characteristics; design study
focuses on the production, appearance and usage of products; and material culture
studies examine the power relations between different actors from the perspective of
people and society. Taking ceramic tea set design as an example, the paper analyzes
the way of British ceramics integration and de-Chineseization, successfully
reconstructing British ceramic culture from four perspectives: the production of the
British ceramic industry, the design style of the products, the way ceramic tea sets are
used, and the cognitive value of ceramic tea sets by the British. It also reflects part
of the changing the British manufacturing sphere, aesthetic sphere, lifestyle sphere,
and social and cultural sphere in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The changing of British ceramic design culture is also the localization of British
porcelain from imitation to innovation. In terms of the production system of the
porcelain industry, there were discoveries and innovations in the raw materials,
craftsmanship and management methods of British ceramics. This prompted the design
to be separated from the industrial production as an independent link in it, so as to
cooperate with the professional artists with aesthetic literacy and creative ability in
product development, which has greatly innovated and enriched the types and styles of
British ceramic products. Secondly, the design aesthetics of ceramic tea set products is
reflected in the design changes in the variety of shapes, innovative and diverse glaze
aesthetics and decorative patterns that are more in line with British tea drinking and
tea set usage habits. The changes of styles have gone through the process from
Rococo Chinese style, to neoclassical style, and then to romantic style. Thirdly, The tea
drinking habits of British tea drinkers and the use of ceramic tea sets in the tea
drinking space led to a new demand for tea sets. Finally, the value cognition and
views of ceramic tea sets in related fields reflected the intricate power relations in
British society at the time, including the clash between foreign and local cultures, the
heightened awareness of women's power, the contention of class discourse in British
society and the emergence of a new middle-class subject consciousness. Britain has
successfully internalized the tea culture and ceramic culture from the East into cultural
symbols with its own characteristics, and established a mature and unique ceramic
industry and ceramic products, which were inseparable from the growing national- 123 -
power and wealth of Britain in the 18th to 19th century. The British Empire's
recognition of its own culture and self-confidence in its strong national strength is the
inevitable result of British porcelain's road to independence and self-awareness. By
reconstructing everyday ceramic products to the social life at that time, the
comprehensive perspective on the field of ceramics studies can extend the current
object-centered paradigm to interpret objects in a more three-dimensional and
multi-faceted ways. Enriching the cognitive and intrinsic research perspectives on
ceramics.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

도자기는 일상생활, 상업과 예술의 교차점에 위치하여 실용품이자 상품이며 소장품이
기도 하다. 일상생활, 생산 및 소비, 개인의 취향과도 밀접히 연결되기 때문에 도자기
역사와 연구는 다양한 시각을 제공했으며 도자기 자체만이 아니라 그 외의 여러 의제를
엿볼 수 있게 한다. 17세기 초, 청나라와 대영제국이 해상무역 항로를 개척한 후 상품거
래가 빈번해졌고 대량의 중국 찻잎, 도자기 제품이 영국에 유입되어 18세기 영국인들의
생활 형태, 사회 나아가 문화에 영향을 미쳤다. 영국 도자기 다기는 영국에서 활발하게
대두한 차 문화와 연결되면서 영국 도자기 산업의 중요한 제품군 중 하나이며 그 당시
청나라와 대영제국 간의 문화교류와 인터랙션을 드러내기도 한다.
본 논문은 도자기 다기의 디자인 문화에 대한 연구를 통해 영국 도자기가 이국적 기
질이 짙은 동양의 도자기 제품을 어떻게 변화시켜 영국 현지 도자기 문화의 일부로 전
환했는지 고찰한다. 이 변화 과정은 동양 문화에 대한 영국 사회 초반의 모방과 감상에
서 대영제국 특유의 문화적 정체성을 확립하는 각성 과정을 내포한다.
본 논문은 질적 연구 방식 중의 문헌 연구와 학제적 연구를 적용하였다. 다양한 연구
문헌과 자료를 다층적으로 분석하고 귀납적으로 접근한다. 즉, 광범위한 영국 도자기 디
자인 문화로부터 영국 도자기 다기 디자인 문화에 초점을 맞춰, 그중에서 영국 도자기
는 중국을 벤치마킹하던 것으로부터 탈중국화를 실현하기까지의 과정으로 좁힘으로써
영국 도자기 다기 현지화의 분석틀을 정리한다.
또한 학제간 연구방법을 통해 도자기 연구는 제품의 소재, 유색, 문양 등 공예 특징을
중시하고, 디자인 연구는 도자기 제품의 생산, 외관, 사용 방식을 주목하며 물질문화 연
구는 사람과 사회의 시각에서 다른 역할 간의 권력관계에 중점을 둔다. 이는 정치권력,
소비문화, 페미니즘, 포스트 식민이론 등을 포괄하는 문화 연구 분야다. 도자기 다기 디
자인을 하나의 사례로 영국 도자기 산업 생산, 제품의 디자인 스타일, 도자기 다기의 사
용, 도자기 다기에 대한 영국인의 지각 가치와 같은 네 가지 관점에서 영국 도자기가
탈중국화를 실현하고 영국식 도자기 문화를 성공적으로 구축한 과정을 분석하고자 한
다. 도자기 다기 디자인 사례 이면의 타자 문화를 탈맥락화하고 자신의 문화를 형성하는
현지화 과정을 통해 18~19세기 영국의 제조 분야, 심미 분야, 생활 분야와 사회 문화
분야의 일부 변화를 반영할 수 있다.
영국 도자기 제품디자인의 변화 역정은 영국 도자기가 모방에서 혁신으로 전환하는 현
지화의 길이었다. 첫째, 도자 기업의 생산시스템 측면에서 보면, 영국 도자기의 제작원
료, 공예기법과 생산방법에 대한 발견과 혁신은 디자인을 독립적인 것으로 산업 생산에
서 분리되게 하였다. 미학적 소양과 창의력을 갖춘 전문예술가와 협력해서 진행한 제품
개발은 영국 도자기 제품의 종류와 양식을 극히 풍부하게 하였다. 둘째, 도자기 다기 제
품의 디자인 특징을 보면, 영국인의 차 마시는 습관과 다기의 사용습관에 더 적합한 조
형 변화, 다양한 유약 미학, 장식과 스타일 변화를 혁신하였다. 스타일 변화는 최초 로
코코식의 중국풍에서 신고전주의를 거쳐 낭만주의 스타일로 변화하는 과정을 거쳤다.
셋째, 영국의 차를 마시는 습관과 차를 마시는 공간에서의 도자기 다기 사용법은 다기
에 대한 새로운 기능과 아름다운 다기 세트에 대한 수요를 파생했다. 넷째, 도자기 다기
와 관련된 분야에 대한 가치 인식과 시선은 당시 영국 사회의 복잡한 권력 관계를 반영
하였는데, 이는 외래문화와 본토문화의 충돌, 여성 권리와 의식의 부상, 영국사회의 계
급 발언권의 쟁탈, 신흥 중산층의 주체 의식 성형 등을 포함한다.
영국이 동양에서 유래한 차와 도자기 문화 기호를 본토의 특색을 지니는 문화로 성숙
시키고 독특한 도자기 산업과 제품을 만들었다는 사실은 18세기-19세기 막강한 제국으
로 떠오르는 영국의 높은 국력과 부를 떼어놓고 생각할 수 없다. 자국의 문화에 대한
정체성과 막강한 국력에 대한 자신감은 영국 도자기가 독립적인 자기 신분을 깨닫는 길
로 나아가는 필연적인 결과다. 도자기 연구 분야에 있어서 이러한 종합적 시각은 기
물을 중심으로 하는 오늘날의 연구 패러다임을 확장해 입체적이고 다각적인 기물
연구를 제시한다. 이는 도자기에 대한 인식과 내재적 인지를 풍부하게 할 수 있다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 요약 ············································································································································ⅰ
• 표목차 ··········································································································································v
• 그림목차 ·····································································································································vi
• Ⅰ. 서 론 ·····································································································································1
• 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ···········································································································1
• 2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 ···········································································································3
• Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 ·························································································································8
• 1. 도자기 연구의 패러다임 ·····································································································8
• 2. 물질문화 연구 및 디자인 ································································································10
• 3. 도자기 디자인, 생산과 소비 ····························································································12
• Ⅲ. 차 마시는 풍조 ··················································································································14
• 1. 중국차 ····································································································································14
• 2. 중국과 영국의 차 무역 ·······································································································17
• 3. 영국에서의 차의 유행 ·········································································································19
• Ⅳ. 중국 도자기의 영국 이동 과정 ························································································24
• 1. 중국의 도자기 수출 ···········································································································24
• 2. 영국 동인도 회사와 도자기 무역 ····················································································28
• 3. 영국 자기 수집열(china mania)의 흥기와 쇠락 ···························································29
• Ⅴ. 영국 자기의 현지화 ···········································································································33
• 1. 영국의 도자기 생산 ·············································································································34
• 1.1 도자기 제작 기술에 대한 탐색 ··················································································34
• 1.1.1 영국 도자기의 제조 원료 ···························································································34
• 1.1.2 제조에서의 기법 혁신 ······························································································36
• 1.2 도자기 제작 과정의 차이 ·····························································································43
• 1.2.1 중국 도자기 제작 과정 ····························································································43
• 1.2.2 영국 도자기 제작 과정 ····························································································44
• 1.3 도자 산업의 관리자와 디자이너의 차이 ···································································48
• 1.3.1 중국 도자 산업의 관리자와 디자이너 ································································48
• 1.3.2 영국 도자 산업의 관리자와 디자이너 ································································52
• 2. 영국 도자 다기의 디자인 ···································································································57
• 2.1 다기의 조형 변화 ·············································································································57
• 2.1.1 오르몰루 도자기 ··········································································································57
• 2.1.2 다기의 크기과 양식 ····································································································59
• 2.2 혁신적인 유색 ··················································································································64
• 2.2.1 Cream-colour ware ·····································································································64
• 2.2.2 Pearlware ·····················································································································67
• 2.2.3 Dry-Bodied wares ·······································································································70
• 2.3 장식 문양과 미학 스타일 ·······························································································74
• 2.3.1 중국풍 ···························································································································74
• 2.3.2 신고전주의 스타일 ······································································································78
• 2.3.3 낭만주의 ·······················································································································80
• 3. 영국의 다기 사용 ·················································································································82
• 3.1 영국식 차 마시기 ·············································································································82
• 3.2 차 마시는 공간 ·················································································································85
• 4. 영국의 도자기 다기에 대한 인식 ······················································································92
• 4.1 도자기: 성별과 여성주의 ································································································92
• 4.2 제국의 도덕적 불안: 영국 민족의 인정 ········································································98
• 4.3 미적 취향, 정체성과 가정 ····························································································103
• 5. 영국의 도자기 현지화 특징 ······························································································105
• Ⅵ. 결 론 ··································································································································108
• 참고문헌 ··································································································································112
• 영문초록(Abstract) ·················································································································121

참고문헌 (Reference)

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18. Response to a market : Dating english underglaze transfer-printed wares, Samford , P. M., 31 ( 2 ) , pp . 1 ? 30 ., , 1997

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22. Manufacturing Outside the Capital : The British Porcelain Factories , Their Sales Networks and Their Artists 1745-1795, YOUNG , H., 12 ( 3 ) , 257 ? 269, , 1999