셋째 종은 악한자인가? : 달란트비유(마 25:14-30)와 양과 염소의 비유(마 25:31-46)의 서사 관계를 중심으로 한 인물연구 = Is the Third Servant Wicked? - Character Study Focusing on the Narrative Relationship between the Parable of the Talents (Matt. 25:14-30) and the Parable of the Sheep and Goats (Matt. 25:31-46)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 마태복음 25장 14-30절의 달란트 비유를 해석할 수 있는 새로운 관점을 연구한다. 전통적 해석에서 ‘악하고 게으르다’ 평가를 받았던 셋째 종을 양과 염소의 비유에서 제시하는 새로운 기준에 따라 재평가 할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다.
본 연구는 이를 위해 달란트 비유에 관한 여러 학자들의 해석을 살펴보고, 복음서 비유에 대한 전반적인 개념을 파악한다. 전통적인 관점은 열 처녀 비유와 달란트 비유의 연관성을 중심으로 달란트 비유를 해석하지만, 본 연구는 마태복음 25장 31-46절의 양과 염소의 비유와 달란트 비유를 함께 읽으며, 양과 염소 비유의 종말의 관점을 적용하여 전복적 해석을 시도한다. 뿐만 아니라 달란트 비유에 담긴 사회문화적 배경을 이해하기 위해 1세기 팔레스타인 사회와 그레코 로마시대의 후원자-피후원자 관계 그리고 명예와 수치 개념을 중심으로 달란트 비유의 주인과 종의 관계를 접근하고 해석한다.
24장부터 이어지는 종말론 강화와 25장에서 계속되는 비유들의 결론이 되는 양과 염소의 비유 심판의 관점과 달란트 비유에 반영된 사회문화적 배경을 고려하여, 본 논문은 달란트 비유의 주인과 종의 관계는 후원자-피후원자의 불공정한 관계이며 주인의 명령은 종들에게 부당한 이익을 강요하는 명령이었음을 밝힌다. 이에 따라 필자는 주인을 전통적 해석과 같이 예수나 하나님으로 대입하여 해석하지 않는다. 그리고 악한 명령을 내리는 주인과 주인의 명령을 실천하는 다른 두 종은 양과 염소의 비유에서 염소에 해당하는 인물이라는 것을 제시한다.
반면에 셋째 종은 악하고 게으른 자가 아닌, 보호 받아야 할 약자이거나 혹은 약자를 보호하고자 하는 용감한 의인의 관점에서 평가될 수 있다고 주장한다. 이를 통하여 본 논문은 오늘날 그리스도인들이 약자를 보호하지 못하는 주인의 행동을 경계하고, 부당한 가치와 질서에 저항하는 셋째 종을 따라야 하는 모범으로 제시한다.

주요어 : 달란트 비유, 사회문화비평, 문학비평, 서사비평, 후원자-피후원자, 명예와 수치, 양과 염소의 비유, 전복적 질서

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, a new perspective for the interpretation of the Parable of the Talents in Matthew 25:14–30 is explored. The traditional interpretation of the third servant of the parable, often labeled as "wicked and lazy," is reexamined by proposing a reevaluation based on the alternative criteria presented in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats.
In this study reviews various scholarly interpretations of the Parable of the Talents and provides an overview of the general concept of parables in the Gospels. While traditional interpretations primarily focus on the connection between the Parable of the Ten Virgins and the Parable of the Talents, this study examines the Parable of the Talents alongside the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats (Matthew 25:31–46), applying the eschatologica l framework of the latter to offer a subversive interpretation. Furthermore, to understand the socio-cultural background of the Parable of the Talents, this study investigates the master-servant relationship through the lens of patron-client dynamics and the concepts of honor and shame in first-century Palestinian society and the Greco-Roman world.
Considering the eschatological emphasis in Matthew 24, the continuation of parables in Matthew 25, and the concluding judgment presented in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats, this study argues that the relationship between the master and the servants in the Parable of the Talents reflects the unjust dynamics of a patron-client system. Additionally, it highlights that the master’s commands imposed unfair demands for profit on the servants. Accordingly, this study refrains from equating the master with Jesus or God, as commonly done in traditional interpretations. Instead, it proposes that the master and the two servants who followed his oppressive commands correspond to the "goats" in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats.
In contrast, the third servant is reevaluated as not "wicked and lazy" but rather as a vulnerable individual needing protection or a courageous figure advocating for the weak. This study suggests that contemporary Christians should emulate the third servant, who embodies the values of protecting the marginalized.

Keywords: The parable of the Talents, Sociocultural Criticism, Literary Criticism, Patranage System, Honor and Shame, The Parable of the Sheep and Goats, Subversive Order

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• 목차 ························································································································ ⅰ
• 표목차 ···················································································································· ⅳ
• 국문초록 ················································································································ ⅴ
• Ⅰ. 서론 ·················································································································· 1
• 1. 연구 동기와 목적 ························································································ 1
• 2. 문제 제기 ····································································································· 4
• 3. 개요 ··············································································································· 6
• Ⅱ. 마태복음 25장 14-30절의 비유 해석사 ··············································· 8
• 1. 역사 비평 ····································································································· 9
• 1) C.H 도드 ································································································ 9
• 2) 요아킴 예레미아스 ·············································································· 11
• 3) 김창락 ··································································································· 13
• 2. 전복적 비평 ······························································································· 15
• 1) 존 도미닉 크로산 ··············································································· 16
• 2) 버나드 브랜든 스콧 ············································································ 18
• 3) 윌리엄 헤르조그 ················································································· 19
• Ⅲ. 비유에 대한 이해 ······················································································· 22
• 1. 비유란 무엇인가 ······················································································· 22
• 2. 비유 해석에서 문학적 접근의 중요성 ·················································· 23
• 3. 비유의 서사비평적 이해 ·········································································· 25
• 1) 관점 ······································································································· 26
• 2) 인물 ······································································································· 27
• 3) 사건 ······································································································· 29
• 4) 배경 ······································································································· 32
• 4. 비유의 사회학적 이해 ·············································································· 34
• 1) 1세기 팔레스타인 사회 ······································································ 34
• 2) 후원자-피후원자 관계 ········································································ 35
• 3) 명예와 수치 ························································································· 37
• Ⅳ. 달란트 비유의 서사비평적 이해 ··························································· 39
• 1. 마태복음 25장 비유의 문학적 관계 ······················································ 39
• 2. 양과 염소의 비유(마 25:31-46) ···························································· 43
• 1) 갑자기 찾아오는 종말 ········································································ 43
• 2) 항상 준비 ····························································································· 47
• 3) 양과 염소를 구분하는 기준 ······························································ 50
• 3. 열 처녀 비유(마 25:1-13) ······································································ 51
• 1) 지연된 종말과 갑자기 찾아오는 종말 ············································ 52
• 2) 항상 준비 - 누가 잔치에 참여할 수 있는가 ································ 53
• 4. 달란트 비유(마 25:14-30) ······································································ 57
• 1) 결산의 시간 ························································································· 60
• 2) 심판 기준 ····························································································· 61
• Ⅴ. 달란트 비유의 사회학적 이해 ······························································· 69
• 1. 양과 염소의 비유에 나타나는 사회문화 ··············································· 69
• 2. 달란트 비유에 나타나는 사회문화 ························································ 72
• 3. 달란트 비유가 지향하는 전복적 질서 ·················································· 73
• 4. 세 번째 종은 악한 자인가? ···································································· 75
• 1) 주인 ······································································································· 75
• 2) 첫째와 둘째 종 ··················································································· 76
• 3) 셋째 종 ································································································· 77
• Ⅵ. 결론 ················································································································ 79
• 참고문헌 ··············································································································· 81
• Abstract ·············································································································· 85