As the convergence between broadcasting and telecommunication is being accelerated these days, the transition to digital broadcasting is gaining more and more attention, bringing about technological evolutions and innovations in overall broadcasting i...
As the convergence between broadcasting and telecommunication is being accelerated these days, the transition to digital broadcasting is gaining more and more attention, bringing about technological evolutions and innovations in overall broadcasting industry, distribution, production and audience's media usage. The government has already announced its plans for the conversion of terrestrial broadcasting to digital high-definition television (HDTV) system by 2010 as a part of the nation's strategy. Accordingly, the government has been trying hard for the diffusion of HDTV. However, the reaction from the market has only been lukewarm at best, and the critical mass needed for expansion of the new media has not yet been secured. One of the reasons for this current status is the fact that the earlier discussions on HDTV have put too much emphasis on technological features and policy debates only, and lack the knowledge and understanding of early adopters who actually pay the additional price to purchase and use HDTV sets. Past academic discussions on such digital audiences have also remained at a transcendental level.
Considering the above, in this study, on-line surveys were conducted targeting the early adopters who would be playing the most important role in diffusing the use of HDTV, which provide technological features such as high picture quality, high sound quality and 16:9 aspect ratio wider screen, as well as innovative characteristics such as two-way data enhancement services based on digital technology and the home-network platform functionality linked with computers. The surveys were designed to find out what were the gratifications sought (GS), how actively the audience was using the mass media, what were the gratifications obtained (GO) and what were the gratifications not obtained (GNO). Then the survey results were analyzed to identify the factors affecting GO and GNO. This research employed Palmgreen and Rayburn’s(1985) Expectancy-Value Model which had widely been used in studies on media consumers' GS, and incorporated analytical tools on the concept of audience activity. As for the variables affecting consumers' GS and their media usage, audience's innovativeness variables as well as media environment variables were used. These variables were importantly discussed in Rogers' (1995) diffusion theory and in other researches about the adoptions and usage of new media. In particular, the effects of using electronic program guides (EPG) and personal video recorders (PVR), both of which were thought to bring about remarkable changes in consumers' media usage patterns under the digital broadcasting environment, were closely monitored and analyzed to determine the extent to which they influenced the audiences' GS and their media usage pattern.
The results of the analysis showed that, the early adopters of HDTV look for the convenience of viewing and recording using EPG and PVR, easiness of selection, and gratifications of self-display to others, in addition to the general consumers' usual gratification factors such as high picture quality, high sound quality, wide screen, and other auxiliary services. The results also showed that gratifications obtained (GO) were very closely correlated with gratifications sought (GS), as the Expectancy-Value Model prescribes. Seven GO and GS variables matched. Additionally gratifications obtained(GO) included the ability to utilize combined media by linking with computers and other audio and video equipment. This illustrates that new GO could be made after experiencing the media even when there was no expectations beforehand. This could imply a need for new discussions on the Expectancy-Value Model which prescribes the symmetrical relationship between GS and GO.
On the other hand, five main GNO of the HDTV early adopters included bad reception, contents, other auxiliary services, malfunctioning of equipment and difficulties in operating. Among these, the main complaints were about the contents and services. The reasons for the majority of complaints on contents were that the broadcasting time for HD programs was absolutely short and that, among those current HD programs, the percentage of documentary programs, movies, sports programs was very small despite the fact that these were actually the ones that were preferred by the HDTV early adopters. As for complaints about data enhancement services, the major dissatisfaction came from the fact that two-way data communication functionalities were still not properly installed, not even for home shopping nor home banking services. Also, the overall results from the comparison between the average scores of GS and GO were not satisfactory either. Considering the fact that these early adopters are the opinion leaders who play a very important role in spreading of HDTV uses, such negative survey results should raise concerns about the possibility of further delay in the diffusion of HDTV.
In an effort to identify the detailed pattern of digital audience's media usage, about which there had not been much precedent studies, this research also analyzed the amount of time spent on viewing HDTV and the preferred genre of programs as well as the audience activities. Firstly, the total amount of time spent on using HDTV was divided into two categories i.e., the time spent viewing HDTV broadcasting programs and the time spent on using HDTV sets as monitors for other video input sources. An analysis of these data indicated that the early adopters of HDTV did indeed utilize their HDTV sets as bigger monitors for various other sources of video input such as game players, DviX players, etc. Secondly, it was also found that HDTV early adopters preferred to watch movies, documentaries, and sports programs on HDTV, which maximize the effects on HDTV's technical characteristics such as high picture quality, high sound quality, and 16:9 ratio wide screens.
The most note-worthy aspect of the early adopters' usage was their proactive utilization habits. While the old analog TV viewers had only enjoyed limited selectivity, involvement and utility, the early adopters of HDTV could now proactively control the timing and contents of programs using innovative digital technologies such as EPG and PVR. The digital audience retrieved information on news and stock prices, processed home-banking and home-shopping transactions using two-way data communication features. They now have the freedom of using PPV, VOD and storing and sharing various other data using combined media linked with computers, high density hard disk drives and so on.
Such a phenomenon materially supports the discussions which predicted that digital audience would no longer be mere consumers, but would also function as producers of media at the same time by controlling broadcasting timings and contents. In particular, an interesting observation made which merits a special attention is the fact that the critical factor which affects the proactive media usage of digital audience is the use of EPG and PVR. Audiences enjoy the freedom of selection by being able to easily select programs and check relevant information using EPG service. Time-shifting functions have also become possible using PVR which boasts huge memory capacity on recordings as well as pausing functions of live broadcastings. The quick-skip functions can be used to skip commercials and edit the programs. Customized program time table according to the individual's interests and preferences allows the digital audience to watch only the selected programs. At this juncture of time, a few precautions should be made in order to harvest the best out of the above mentioned recent developments in the broadcasting and telecommunication industry. Social awareness should be promoted and considerations should be given on establishing policies to prevent audience polarization and digital divide between groups who have access to use digital media and other groups who do not, so that all citizens of the nation can enjoy the universal digital services.
Now that the transition to digital HDTV system is only 5 years away, this study should be merited in carrying both academic and practical meanings and purposes in providing initial and practical knowledge and insights on digital consumers' gratifications and their detailed media usage patterns through empirical analysis, where precedent studies and discussion have been somewhat neglected and transcendental. The ample data provided in this research should also contribute to expedite the diffusion of HDTV, a part of the nation's strategic businesses.