Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Some Metabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Schizophrenia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties and is suggested to be a biomarker of metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on plasma adiponectin and some metabolic risk factors in patients with schizophrenia. The plasma adipokine levels (adiponectin and leptin), routine biochemical and anthropometric parameters, markers of oxidative stress, and the serum phospholipid fatty acid profile in eighteen schizophrenic patients at baseline, in the middle, and at the end of a 3-month long supplementation period with ALA (500 mg daily) were determined. A significant increase in the plasma adiponectin concentrations, as well as a decrease in fasting glucose and aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), was found. Baseline AST activity was independently correlated with the adiponectin concentrations. Our data show that ALA can improve plasma adiponectin levels and may play a potential role in the treatment of metabolic risk factor in patients with schizophrenia. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary investigations.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Zhu W, "Vascular effects of adiponectin: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic intervention" 114 : 361-374, 2008

2 Baylin A, "The use of fatty acid biomarkers to reflect dietary intake" 17 : 22-27, 2006

3 Bushe C, "The role of lifestyle interventions and weight management in schizophrenia" 19 : 28-35, 2005

4 Eckel RH, "The metabolic syndrome" 375 : 181-183, 2010

5 Sperry MW, "The determination of total lipides in blood serum" 3 : 69-76, 1954

6 Bedogni G, "The Fatty Liver Index: A simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population" 2 : 33-, 2006

7 Togo T, "Serum adiponectin concentrations during treatment with olanzapine or risperidone: A pilot study" 19 : 37-40, 2004

8 Chen SJ, "Relationships between inflammation, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome" 7 : e45693-, 2012

9 Caspar-Bauguil S, "Pro-inflammatory phospholipid arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio of dysmetabolic severely obese women" 22 : 935-944, 2012

10 Mostowik M, "Omega-3polyunsaturated fatty acids increase plasma adiponectin to leptin ratio in stable coronary artery disease" 27 : 289-295, 2013

11 Arroll MA, "Nutritional interventions for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia: A brief review" 13 : 91-, 2014

12 de Oliveira C, "Nutritional and hormonal modulation of adiponectin and its receptors adipoR1 and adipoR2" 90 : 57-94, 2012

13 Ka¨lsch J, "Normal liver enzymes are correlated with severity of metabolic syndrome in a large population based cohort" 5 : 13058-, 2015

14 Rector RS, "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome: An update" 14 : 185-192, 2008

15 Paschos P, "Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome" 13 : 9-19, 2009

16 Lim S, "Modulation of adiponectin as a potential therapeutic strategy" 233 : 721-728, 2014

17 Asrih M, "Metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is insulin resistance the link?" 418 : 55-65, 2015

18 Lambert T, "Managing the metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs in patients with psychosis" 34 : 97-99, 2011

19 Gray B, "Liver function parameters, cholesterol, and phospholipid a-linoleic acid are associated with adipokine levels in overweight and obese adults" 34 : 382-, 2014

20 Seybolt SE, "Is it time to reassess alpha lipoic acid and niacinamide therapy in schizophrenia?" 75 : 572-575, 2010

21 Ringen PA, "Increased mortality in schizophrenia due to cardiovascular disdisease - a non-systematic review of epidemiology, possible causes, and interventions" 5 : 137-, 2014

22 Sporn AL, "Hormonal correlates of clozapine-induced weight gain in psychotic children: An exploratory study" 44 : 925-933, 2005

23 De Hert M, "Guidelines for screening and monitoring of cardiometabolic risk in schizophrenia: Systematic evaluation" 199 : 99-105, 2011

24 Rogulj D, "Fatty liver index as an indicator of metabolic syndrome" 45 : 68-71, 2012

25 Burghardt KJ, "Fatty acid desaturase gene polymorphisms and metabolic measures in schizophrenia and bipolar patients taking antipsychotics" 2013 : 596945-, 2013

26 Harding SV, "Evidence for using alphalipoic acid in reducing lipoprotein and inflammatory related atherosclerotic risk" 9 : 116-127, 2012

27 Prieto-Hontoria PL, "Effects of lipoic acid on AMPK and adiponectin in adipose tissue of low- and high-fat-fed rats" 52 : 779-787, 2013

28 Simpson KA, "Effects of exercise on adiponectin: A systematic review" 16 : 241-256, 2008

29 Huerta AE, "Effects of a-lipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss" 23 : 313-321, 2015

30 Vidovic´ B, "Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on oxidative stress markers and antioxidative defense in patients with schizophrenia" 26 : 205-213, 2014

31 Girotti MJ, "Early measurement of systemic lipid peroxidation products in plasma of major blunt trauma patients" 31 : 32-35, 1991

32 Lu ML, "Differential effects of olanzapine and clozapine on plasma levels of adipocytokines and total ghrelin" 58 : 47-50, 2015

33 Maeda N, "Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30" 8 : 731-737, 2002

34 Golbidi S, "Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid" 2 : 1-15, 2011

35 Klemettila¨ JP, "Cytokine and adipokine alterations in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine" 218 : 277-283, 2014

36 Chu SH, "Chemerin and adiponectin contribute reciprocally to metabolic syndrome" 7 : e34710-, 2012

37 Auclair C, "CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research" CRC Press 123-132, 1985

38 Flechtner-Mors M, "Association of adiponectin with hepatic steatosis: A study of 1,349 subjects in a random population sample" 7 : 207-, 2014

39 Ratliff JC, "An open-label pilot trial of alpha-lipoic acid for weight loss in patients with schizophrenia without diabetes" 1-13, 2013

40 Pershadsingh HA, "Alpha-lipoic acid: Physiologic mechanisms and indications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome" 16 : 291-302, 2007

41 Carbonelli MG, "Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation:A tool for obesity therapy?" 16 : 840-846, 2010

42 Gomes MB, "Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases" 6 : 80-, 2014

43 Kershaw EE, "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ" 89 : 2548-2556, 2004

44 Whitehead JP, "Adiponectin—a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome" 8 : 264-280, 2006

45 Motoshima H, "Adiponectin suppresses proliferation and superoxide generation and enhances eNOS activity in endothelial cells treated with oxidized LDL" 315 : 264-271, 2004

46 Bai YM, "Adiponectin as a potential biomarker for the metabolic syndrome in Chinese patients taking clozapine for schizophrenia" 68 : 1834-1839, 2007

47 Kadowaki T, "Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome" 116 : 1784-1792, 2006

48 Kim E, "A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia" 28 : 138-146, 2008

49 Erel O, "A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation" 37 : 277-285, 2004

50 Hanssens L, "A cross-sectional evaluation of adiponectin plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder" 106 : 308-314, 2008