Objectives. Fandom has become a mainstream cultural code in youth life, yet its mental health correlates remain debated. Digitalization has transformed fandom into an always on, coordinated, and publicly quantified activity. We examined whether fandom...
Objectives. Fandom has become a mainstream cultural code in youth life, yet its mental health correlates remain debated. Digitalization has transformed fandom into an always on, coordinated, and publicly quantified activity. We examined whether fandom participation, its activity profiles, family climate, and daily time investment are differentially associated with adolescent/emerging adult mental health, psychosocial functioning, and digital use patterns in South Korea.
Methods. We conducted a nationwide, online, panel based survey (Macromill Embrain). Baseline enrollment targeted N = 1,000 (500 fandom; 500 non fandom controls), ages 14–23. Fandom was operationalized as intentional, recurrent engagement with content related to a favorite idol/artist/celebrity (online/offline). Mental health measures included depressive (PHQ 9), anxiety (GAD 7), perceived stress (PSS 10), loneliness (UCLA LC), affective reactivity (ARI), FoMO, life satisfaction (SWLS; Cantril ladder), self esteem (RSES), perceived social support (MSPSS), parenting (PSCQ KA), social comparison (INCOM), academic stress and performance (satisfaction, tier, current–ideal gap), subjective health, and physical activity (IPAQ SF–adapted). Digital engagement was captured by social media intensity (SIS), overall SNS activity (SNAIS total; SFUI/EFUI subscales), and problematic use indices (BSMAS; SAS SV). Pre‑specified activity subgroups contrasted non‑fans with (i) active‑communication fans (interactive posting/commenting beyond passive viewing), (ii) creative‑activity fans (producing/distributing fan content), (iii) influencing‑activity fans (promoting or coordinating fan campaigns), and (iv) cross‑fandom/other‑group participants (engaging with inter-fandom interaction including conflicts). Family climate was indexed by parental support toward fandom (HighSupport ; Mid to LowSupport). Time on fandom contrasted ‘< 1 h/day’ vs ‘≥ 1 h/day’ with non fans. Sex adjusted ANCOVAs and post hoc tests (Bonferroni) were applied to continuous outcomes; chi square/Fisher tests to categorical outcomes. The 3-month follow-up employed latent transition analysis (LTA) to classify participants into engagement subtypes (Active Fan, Casual Fan, Non-Fan) and tested whether maintained patterns or transitions predicted corresponding mental-health change.
Results. Fans showed higher academic performance satisfaction, better relative tier, and smaller performance gaps than non fans, yet higher study stress; no aggregate differences emerged for PHQ 9, GAD 7, PSS 10, or self injury/suicidality. Digital use measures were consistently elevated among fans (SIS, SNAIS, SFUI/EFUI, BSMAS, SAS SV) compared to non-fans. Within fandom, active communication participants retained academic advantages but exhibited higher perceived stress, lower moderate physical activity, and uniformly higher digital intensity/problematic use. Creative and influencing roles clustered with greater anxiety, irritability (ARI), Fear of Missing Out (FOMO scale), and lower momentary happiness; parenting rejection/negative composite scores were higher in these niches. Cross fandom/other group engagement showed the most coherent strain profile: higher anxiety and perceived stress, greater irritability and FoMO, stronger social comparison, more negative parenting perceptions (rejection, chaos), and the steepest increases in digital intensity/problematic use; depressive symptoms did not differ significantly. Parental support in fans differentiated psychosocial patterns: HighSupport participants (positive parental attitudes/involvement toward fandom activities) had the highest life satisfaction across entire domain, strongest perceived social support, and more adaptive parenting (warmth, structure, autonomy support), whereas Mid-to-LowSupport (neutral/negative parental attitudes toward fandom activities) showed higher study stress and more negative parenting (chaos, coercion, rejection); digital intensity remained elevated in both support strata relative to non fans. Time dose analyses indicated ≥ 1 h/day corresponded to higher performance satisfaction but greater SNS intensity and problematic use; < 1 h/day corresponded to better relative performance without consistent excess digital strain; both time strata reported higher study stress than non fans.
At 3-month follow-up, LTA identified three engagement classes: Active and Dysfunctional Fan (ADF, the fan with intensive engagement including creative, influencing, and cross-fandom activities; 16.1%), Casual and Healthy Fan (CHF, the fan with moderate engagement, primarily communication; 36.8%), and Non-Fan (no fandom participation; 47.0%). Participants maintaining ADF status exhibited significantly higher depression (PHQ-9) than those maintaining CHF status after baseline adjustment, while neither fan group differed from stable non-fan. The ADF also showed elevated digital-use intensity (SFUI, SNAIS, EFUI), with irritability (ARI) showing trend-level elevation (p = .052).
Transition analyses yielded weaker effects: initiating CHF (NonFan-to-CHF) showed trend-level stress reduction and robust improvement in friend satisfaction, while discontinuing CHF showed no significant change. Exploratory analyses revealed that initiating ADF was associated with decline in self-esteem, increase in irritability, and deterioration in perceived parenting climate (rejection, chaos) and social support, suggesting these domains may serve as early warning indicators before clinical symptoms emerge. Prospective clinical profile analysis showed that baseline clinical status was not significantly associated with T1 engagement class membership except anxiety, where ADF was overrepresented relative to CHF and NonFan in T1 among those with T0 anxiety (GAD-7 ≥5); effect sizes were uniformly small (V ≤ .119).
Conclusions. Fandom status alone was not associated with worse clinical symptoms at baseline; rather, how one participates, how much time is invested, and what family climate surrounds fandom shaped outcomes. Results support pattern based screening (daily time, creative/influencing roles, cross fandom interactions), family co regulation (warmth, structure, autonomy support), time budgeting, and conflict exposure.
Longitudinal findings reinforce that engagement intensity matters more than fandom status itself: ADF was associated with elevated depression relative to CHF, while neither differed from non-fans, indicating that moderate participation is psychologically neutral whereas intensive engagement carries measurable strain.
Self-esteem, irritability, and unsupportive family climate may function as early markers of straining trajectories. These findings support screening for engagement intensity and role rather than fandom participation per se, and highlight the value of promoting sustainable engagement patterns that preserve social-identity benefits while reducing the behavioral signatures of dysfunctional fandom activities.