서비스무역이 총요소생산성과 실질임금에 미치는 영향 : 생산자서비스를 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigated technical transfers and employment effects gained through service trade in view of the recent changes in the industrial structure and trade structure of the economy. In particular, this study attempted to verify how the changes in total factor productivity according to increased producer service imports influenced the development of the Korean economy. Furthermore, this study analyzed the effect of increased producer service imports on real wages in connection with the relationship between service and employment, which are regarded as the main issues of the modern economy.
The increased importance of producer service originated from the increased demand for knowledge-based service as a result of the advancement of the industrial structure including the manufacturing industry. If the service function fulfilled from within the company was externalized due to expanded demand from the advanced industrial structure, it can lead to a reduction in expenses in the economy of scale to achieve an external independence. In this regard, it is statistically estimated as an expansion of the service industry.

The increased importance of service not only promotes the role of service as an intermediary, but also triggers interest in service as a new growth engine. There are arguments that jobs must be created and growth engines for economic development must be acquired through the service industry in Korea in response to recent environmental changes (Jin, Y. H., 2006). If the service industry was to be strategically promoted for knowledge-intensive services creating high added value, the service industry will not only create high-wage jobs, but it will also sufficiently act as a growth engine for future economic development (Heo, J. J. et al. 2007).
Korea is highly dependent on foreign countries; moreover, the economic development of the nation was led by trade growth. Based on this, researchers have actively done studies on economic development due to technical expansion through trade focused on the manufacturing industry. However, it is difficult to find studies done on the effect of service trade on the national economy; additionally, there are currently no empirical studies that analyze the effect of imported services on the economy by using industrial data. This is possibly due to the difficulty of collecting statistics on service trade, in particular the hardship of separating the intermediary input of service from the production of other industries. Thus, this study analyzed the national economic effect according to the expansion of the service trade to overcome the limitations of previous studies. This study is different from previous studies in the following aspects.
First, this study considered the service characteristics and used these characteristics in the analysis. Previous studies on the role of service in the economy had mainly focused on the overall role of service (e.g. Baumal, 1967, 1985, Baumal et al., 1989; Fixler & Diegel, 1999; Oulton, 1999, 2001; Wolfl, 2005)). As a result, these studies presented mixed analyses regarding service and economic development. This is generally caused by differences in the verification methods and survey subjects; additionally, it may cause suspicions regarding the omission of important variables that can affect the research subject. Thus, there is a possibility that the effect of service input for economic development may be over or under-estimated because the heterogeneity of each service field was not considered. Therefore, it is crucial to consider heterogeneity as different characteristics are presented for different service sectors.
Second, this study reviewed the benefits gained from producer service trade with knowledge-intensive characteristics. As an industry with high added value, producer service triggers added especially when it is used in production as an intermediary of other industries. With a relatively high level of productivity, producer service not only leads to productivity of the service industry but also significantly affects the productivity of the manufacturing industry as an intermediary and is regarded as a promising field with high potential growth (Wolfgang, 2005). Thus, this study attempted to verify the effect of changes in total factor productivity according to increased import of producer services on the development of the Korean economy.
Third, this study analyzed the relationship between service and employment, the major issues of the present economy. The increased import of services is not only caused by efficient input of production factors due to economy of scale but also by active foreign transfer of service activities (Lee et al, 2010). Based on this, the rapid increase of imported services may negatively affect employment of the relevant country generating serious unemployment problems. In this situation, it is important to not only research how imported producer services, which is used as an intermediary in production, affects productivity, but also to investigate the effect on the labor market, such as changes in employment or wages. This study analyzed the effect of increased imported producer services on real wages for labor.

In an empirical analysis, this study analyzed the effect of knowledge diffusion through the trade of intermediary producer service on the economy based on the theoretical model of Oulton (1999), Markusen (1989), and Markusen et al. (1999). The analysis period was from 2000 to 2008 and the analysis was done in Korea to examine the effect of the structural changes in the input of imported intermediary services on technical changes, growth, and employment. Total factor productivity, intermediary input ratio, and induced production of producer services were observed during the analysis period and regression analysis was done to analyze whether the input of producer services among the imported intermediary services triggered a diffusion of knowledge or technology. Panel data combining time series and cross sections were used for regression analysis, and the probability-effect model was used after considering factors according to the industry and period.
The analysis results of variables are as follows.
Even though the total factor productivity of the entire industry has a continuous increase from 2001, the productivity of producer services constantly increased at a considerable rate since 2000 among the various service industries. The production volume of the entire industry triggered by the import of intermediary producer serviced had an annual increase rate of 19.78% from 2000 to 2008. The imported input of producer services had high production inducement effects in high capital/high technology industries as well as knowledge-intensive industries. This is not only because the input of specialized and differentiated producer services as the production intermediary for the manufacturing industry increased the efficiency, but also because the inducement effects increased production through the diffusion of technologies accumulated in imported producer services.
The following presents the results of the empirical analysis done with the panel data. First, the input of the imported intermediary producer services presented a significantly positive effect on the productivity of the relevant industry in the industrial classification. Thus, this signifies that the increased import of producer services in their own sectors increased the total factor productivity. If the input of producer services increases by 10%, the total factor productivity increases by approximately 20%. Since this result corresponds with the theory of Markusen (1989), it is known that the utility of various intermediaries in the production of final goods enhances productivity through specialized production of intermediary goods (Feenstra et al., 1992). In other words, the import country can gain external effects or ‘diffusion’ effects without paying for the increase in diversity.
Next, the effect of imported intermediary producer services on labor was investigated using 2 dependent variables, labor productivity (LP) and wage per worker (WAGE). The results show that if the intermediate input of producer services increases by 10%, the LP of industry increases by approximately 22.6%. The development of the producer service sector triggers the improvement of LP through the economy of scale effect (Antoneli, 1988; Jefferson, 1988). This study presented analysis results that coincide with the theory of existing research. Positive(+) significant results we represented for the effect of producer services regarding the real wage of the labor.

The implications drawn from this analysis are as follows. First, if the connection with overseas multicultural companies can be expanded in the knowledge-based service industry, such as business service, it will maximize technical diffusion effects through the input of high-quality producer services and thus, bringing positive effects to the domestic economy. The rate of entry regulation for services is mostly higher than the manufacturing industry and there are few opportunities for adopting advanced foreign technique through foreign direct investment (FDI) due to a low FDI levels. Thus, policy factors focused on the manufacturing industry must be alleviated in terms of regulation, tax, and funding to promote the competitiveness of the service industry. Furthermore, it is essential to provide a base for expanding the investment of foreigners, such as strengthening of various incentives, tax exemptions, and modifying regulations. Second, the core of the service industry policy is to remove the regulatory barriers to support knowledge-based factors in industries with high productivity and to simultaneously focus on fostering a knowledge-based work force. In other words, it is crucial to enhance the qualitative standard of workers in producer services through specialized training institutes according to the sector, to enhance corporate programs for fostering specialized labor, and to enhance academic-industrial systems.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서론 1
• 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 제 2 절 연구의 방법 및 구성 4
• 제 2 장 한국 경제의 서비스 현황 6
• 제 1 절 한국 경제의 서비스 현황 6
• 1. 생산에서의 서비스 비중 6
• 2. 고용에서의 서비스 비중 9
• 3. 서비스무역 비중 11
• 제 2 절 생산자서비스의 현황 14
• 1. 생산자서비스의 경제 내 비중 14
• 2. 생산자서비스의 수입 비중 16
• 3. 생산자서비스의 특징 19
• 제 3 장 이론적 배경 22
• 제 1 절 서비스 연구동향 22
• 1. 서비스의 분류 23
• 2. 서비스의 성장요인 25
• 3. 서비스의 국제경쟁력 비교 27
• 제 2 절 경제성장 결정요인에 대한 연구 29
• 1. FDI와 경제성장 29
• 2. 국제무역과 경제성장 30
• 3. 서비스와 경제성장 32
• 제 3 절 서비스무역의 확대와 경제 성장 35
• 1. 서비스무역 결정요인 35
• 2. 서비스무역과 생산성 36
• 제 4 절 생산자서비스의 중요성 38
• 1. 생산자서비스와 생산성 38
• 2. 생산자서비스와 고용 39
• 제 4 장 실증분석 42
• 제 1 절 자료와 변수의 측정 42
• 1. 연구 자료 42
• 2. 생산성과 측정방법 44
• 제 2 절 총요소생산성과 자료 분석 48
• 1. 총요소생산성 48
• 2. 생산자서비스의 중간투입 비중 50
• 제 3 절 연구 방법 및 분석 모형 52
• 1. 연구 방법 52
• 2. 실증분석 모형 54
• 제 4 절 실증분석 결과 57
• 1. 생산자서비스무역이 총요소생산성에 미치는 영향 57
• 2. 생산자서비스무역이 실질임금에 미치는 영향 60
• 제 5 장 결론 64
• 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 64
• 제 2 절 연구의 시사점 및 향후 연구 제언 67
• 참고문헌 69
• 부록 75
• Abstract 76