야고보 재평가와 예루살렘 교회

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

최근의 연구에 따르면 야고보는 부활한 예수를 보고 극적으로 개종한 것이 아니라 원래부터 예수의 추종자였다. 그리고 예루살렘 교회가 수립되었을 때는 상당히 시간이 흐른 뒤에 베드로에게 수장권을 물려받은 것이 아니라 처음부터 예루살렘 교회의 수장이었다. 그는 예루살렘 교회에서 큰 세력을 형성하고 있던 바리사이파에 속하거나 최소한 바리사이파와 친밀한 관계를 맺고 있던 유대인 출신 신자들을 이끌고 있었다.
새롭게 제기되고 있는 이런 견해의 타당성은 아직은 좀 더 논의되어야할 것이다. 그러나 이 견해를 채택했을 경우에 그동안 해명하기 곤란했던 문제들을 이해하는데 많은 도움을 얻을 수 있다. 먼저 일반적으로 바리사이파가 예수, 그리고 초기 기독교인들과 적대했다고 알려져 있음에도 불구하고 많은 바리사이파가 기독교로 개종하였다. 이들의 숫자는 결코 미미한 것이 아니었다. 바울이 세 번째로 예루살렘을 방문했을 때 야고보는 ？아시겠지만 유대인들 가운데서도 예수를 믿는 사람이 대단히 많습니다. 그들은 모두 율법을 지키는 데 골몰한 사람들입니다.？라고 말한 것이 이 사실을 뒷받침한다. 이렇게 바리사이파 가운데 많은 사람들이 개종한 것은 야보고가 바리사이파에 우호적인 태도를 취하고 있었기에 가능했을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Reappraisal of James and the development of Jerusalem Church


James, the brother of Jesus was the chief of Jerusalem Church. He played the critical role in the development of the burgeoning Christianity as the spokesman of those who wanted to keep the Christianity within the boundary of Judaism. But as successors of St. Peter and St. Paul who wanted to remove limits of Judaism and to open the new world gained the initiative of early Christianity James was devalued and even forgot. Most scholars considered him as mere conservative and opponent of St. Paul cutting down his role.
But recently several scholars such as Robert Eisenmann, Jeffrey B？tz, Bruce Chilton, Jacob Neusner reexamined his role in the developing of early Christianity. Giving consideration to these studies this paper gained several points which contribute to correct the prejudice against James and to enlarge our understanding of early Christianity.
First, in contrast to the traditional view he was a supporter and follower of Jesus already when Jesus did his mission in the earth. The codex of Nag Hammadi, in particular the Gospel of the Hebrews and the first Apocalypse of James supported this view.
Second, He was the not second but first chief of Jerusalem Church. Most scholars have thought that Peter is the first chief and James succeeded to the throne of Peter. But Eusebius and Clemens of Alexander gave evidence that James was the first leader of Jerusalem Church. Furthermore the Recognition of Clemens of Rome gave us pictures of his doing as first leader in detail.
Third, Jerusalem Church and the Pharisees formed amicable relationship as soon as Jerusalem Church came into being. This good relationship continued until James was martyred in about 62. In addition there were many believers who converted from the Pharisees in Jerusalem Church. They composed majority of so called Judaizers, or 'circumcision group'. The most important factor to make this situation was that James was a Pharisee or a pro Pharisees.