Article 2: Edge Feature, D-effects, and Movement
This paper discusses the non?deterministic theory of movement based on the notion of edge feature (EF) (Chomsky 1995). It will be claimed that the theory of movement based on EF, i.e., the theory of u...
Article 2: Edge Feature, D-effects, and Movement
This paper discusses the non?deterministic theory of movement based on the notion of edge feature (EF) (Chomsky 1995). It will be claimed that the theory of movement based on EF, i.e., the theory of unmarked vs. marked IM, is more explanatory than the deterministic probe?goal checking theory of movement (Chomsky 2000, 2001). Specifically, the notion of unmarked IM is motivated as a movement that should be Agree?free, whereas the notion of marked IM is motivated as a restricted obligatory movement. The unmarked IM is characterized as inducing the default semantic effect called "D?effect", which is simply due to the optionality of the operation of unmarked IM itself (Fox 2000), whereas the marked IM is characterized as induced by blocking the "optional deletion" of the EF. It will be argued that interactions between unmarked and marked IMs account for various syntactic issues like intermediate links of successive?cyclic movements. The notion of Agree independent of movement is motivated for the non?deterministic theory of movement.
Article3: An ERP study for Intervention Effects in Korean
In this experiment two kinds of stimuli, intervention effect sentences as in (5) and the scrambled counterpart (6) to (5), are presented to the subjects.
(5) *Minswu-man nwukwu-lul po-ass-ni
Minswu-only who-Acc see-Past-Q
‘Who did only Minswu see ’
(6) Nwukwu-lul Minswu-man po- ass-ni
who-Acc Minswu-only see- Past-Q
‘Who did only Minswu see ’
Each type of question is asked in two different contexts: One context is where the existential information is included, i.e, where the presupposition is satisfied, and the other context is where it is not. A cartoon slide for each context is presented before each type of the questions in (5) and (6). In this way, four different sets of stimuli varying depending on two conditions, the word order condition as in (5) and (6) and the contextual presupposition, are presented, as shown in (7). After each type of stimuli is presented, the subject is required to choose an answer to the given stimulus.
(7) Four types of stimuli:
a. Type 1 stimulus: normal & satisfied (NS type)
b. Type 2 stimulus: *normal & failed (NF type)
c. Type 3 stimulus: reverse and satisfied (RS type)
d. Type 2 stimulus: * reverse and failed (RF type)
Under the normal order condition, the first word (W1), only phrase, shows a pretty large n400 effect: When the presupposition is failed (NF type), only phrase shows a much larger n400 value than when the presupposition is satisfied. The second word (W2), wh¬¬-phrase, on the other hand, shows smaller n400 effect: The gap between the n400 values of NF and NS for W1, wh-phrase, is not as large as that for W1 only phrase. The final word (W3), the verb, shows the largest n400 effect: n400 value for W3 is much larger when the presupposition is failed than when the presupposition is satisfied. Conclusively, in the normal word condition, the verb and the only-phrase show remarkable n400 effects and the wh-phrase shows little or no n400 effect.
Under the scrambled condition, the preposed wh-phrases do not show an n400 effect while the only-phrases show a somewhat large n400 effect. Specifically, in the context where the only-phrase is not presupposed, the only-phrase has a much larger n400 value compared to the context where the presupposition is satisfied. For the final word, the verb, the n400 effect disappears regardless of the contextual difference.