This study seeks for a new structure of governance in the neo-nomadic society through in-depth analyses of the new patterns of political participation brought about by the recent advancement of information technology including the Internet and their i...
This study seeks for a new structure of governance in the neo-nomadic society through in-depth analyses of the new patterns of political participation brought about by the recent advancement of information technology including the Internet and their impacts on the operation of existing institutional arrangements of modern representative political system.
Regarding the width and new patterns of political participation, our result shows, first, that the ability to use the information technology as a tool of acquiring necessary information for political participation is affected by the social divide which has already existed. This implies a possibility of the extant social inequality being reinforced by the new information technology. However, the result also shows that, after the information technology and the related ability to use this as a source of political participation is spread and disseminated to the individuals and society to a certain level, the ability to use the new information technology for political participation differs significantly, depending on the dimension of social inequality, the types of political participation, and, finally, the institutional environment in which various types of political participation are allowed or restricted.
Next, our result on the types of political participation shows that the impacts of the emergence of neo-nomadic society and the related information technology are bigger and more salient on issue-oriented, flexible, and active types of political participation than on the traditional type of political participation such as voting. The result also suggests that the emergence of neo-nomadic society will be likely to strengthen various features of civic culture. These features have been reported as desirable for the establishment of stable and mature democracy.
However, our result also suggests that the enlargement and reinforcement of political participation fueled by the use of information technology does not necessarily guarantee the improvement of democratic governance. Our analysis on the survey data including citizens of large number of countries shows that there exists a significant level of difference in trust, satisfaction, and political efficacy across countries.
We seek for an answer to this puzzle through in-depth case studies on Denmark, Finland, the U.S. and Japan. Our case study suggests that, in the latter two countries where two relatively big parties compete each other for political control, the institutional inertia of parties provide the parties with low incentive to respond to rising interests of citizens for new issues and that this imbalance of demand and supply of institutional solution results in the low level of political efficacy and, hence, trust and satisfaction. On the other hand, in Denmark and Finland where relatively big number of small to medium sized parties compete and cooperate for political control, the institutional environment of low threshold to entry and challenges from the forces which have not gained representation provide the parties with big incentive to respond to new issues of the citizens. It is the parties that have taken initiatives in developing and reflecting new issues in the decision-making process in these countries.
Our analysis on the Chinese case also shows that not only the citizens but also the state can benefit from the advance of information technology because the latter enhance the capability of the state to monitor and control the citizens.
In sum, our result implies that it is very important to take a unified approach that systematically combines the effort to reform the structure of government from the top and the effort to nurture the foundation of governance from the bottom, in order for us to build a new structure of democratic governance in the emerging neo-nomadic society.