Analysis of Compression and Permeability Behavior of Porous Ti6Al4V by Computed Microtomography

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Porous materials were developed as a good alternative to replace different bones in the human body as they improve osseointegration,tissue ingrowth and simulate the mechanical properties of human bones. Such characteristics highly depend on thepore features and volume fraction. Samples with a pore volume fraction between 16 and 60% and a pore size distribution of100–500 μm were analyzed by computed microtomography. 3D images acquisition was performed at 10 μm pixel resolution,which permitted to observe the complete sample. Features like size, shape, orientation, connectivity and pore coordinationwere determined from the 3D image analysis. Compression behavior was evaluated by interrupted compression testing and,after that, new 3D images were acquired. In order to evaluate permeability, numerical simulations of flow throughout the3D images were carried out by using Avizo® software. It was found that shape and pore size distribution was similar in allsamples, showing good distribution of the pore formers inside the matrix. Full connectivity of pores was obtained with 32%volume fraction and above, and the coordination number follows the Artz model. The pores showed a radial orientation,which induces anisotropy in the flow properties. The compression showed two different behaviors, pore closing and porecoalescence. Values of permeability match with those reported for bones as well as the anisotropy in the radial and verticaldirections. It is concluded that the sample with 60 vol% of pores could be consider to be used for bone implants.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 J. X. LU, Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10 (10): 111-120, 1999

2 S.F.S. Shirazi, 2015

3 L. Olmos, 2009

4 F.J. O’Brien, 15 (15): 3-, 2007

5 L.E. Murr, 2012

6 Xiaojian Wang, "Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review" Elsevier BV 83 : 127-141, 2016

7 J. Jakubowicz, "Titanium foam made with saccharose as a space holder" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 20 (20): 1137-1141, 2013

8 Joseph R. Woodard, "The mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds with multi-scale porosity" Elsevier BV 28 (28): 45-54, 2007

9 E. Arzt, "The influence of an increasing particle coordination on the densification of spherical powders" Elsevier BV 30 (30): 1883-1890, 1982

10 Ciara M. Murphy, "The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering" Elsevier BV 31 (31): 461-466, 2010

11 K. Kieswetter, "The Role of Implant Surface Characteristics in the Healing of Bone" SAGE Publications 7 (7): 329-345, 2016

12 S.A. Saltykov, "Stereometrische Metallographie Metallurgizdat" VEB 1974

13 Roman A. Perez, "Role of pore size and morphology in musculo-skeletal tissue regeneration" Elsevier BV 61 : 922-939, 2016

14 D. Bouvard, "Relation between percolation and particle coordination in binary powder mixtures" Elsevier BV 39 (39): 3083-3090, 1991

15 Y. Torres, "Processing, characterization and biological testing of porous titanium obtained by space-holder technique" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 47 (47): 6565-6576, 2012

16 Jose Luis Cabezas-Villa, "Processing and properties of highly porous Ti6Al4V mimicking human bones" Cambridge University Press (CUP) 33 (33): 650-661, 2018

17 H. Montazerian, "Porous scaffold internal architecture design based on minimal surfaces: A compromise between permeability and elastic properties" Elsevier BV 126 : 98-114, 2017

18 A. Bansiddhi, "Porous NiTi for bone implants: A review" Elsevier BV 4 (4): 773-782, 2008

19 V KARAGEORGIOU, "Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis" Elsevier BV 26 (26): 5474-5491, 2005

20 M. D. M. Innocentini, "Permeability of porous gelcast scaffolds for bone tissue engineering" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 17 (17): 615-627, 2010

21 M.R. Dias, "Permeability analysis of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering" Elsevier BV 45 (45): 938-944, 2012

22 Michcle J. Grimm, "Measurements of permeability in human calcaneal trabecular bone" Elsevier BV 30 (30): 743-745, 1997

23 Josefina Ballarre, "Improving the osteointegration and bone–implant interface by incorporation of bioactive particles in sol–gel coatings of stainless steel implants" Elsevier BV 6 (6): 1601-1609, 2010

24 Z. Zhang, "Hierarchical tailoring of strut architecture to control permeability of additive manufactured titanium implants" Elsevier BV 33 (33): 4055-4062, 2013

25 Budi Arifvianto, "Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review" MDPI AG 7 (7): 3588-3622, 2014

26 Brett Russell Levine, "Experimental and clinical performance of porous tantalum in orthopedic surgery" Elsevier BV 27 (27): 4671-4681, 2006

27 Yadir Torres, "Development of porous titanium for biomedical applications: A comparison between loose sintering and space-holder techniques" Elsevier BV 37 : 148-155, 2014

28 Lucía Reig, "Development of porous Ti6Al4V samples by microsphere sintering" Elsevier BV 212 (212): 3-7, 2012

29 Félix A. España, "Design and fabrication of CoCrMo alloy based novel structures for load bearing implants using laser engineered net shaping" Elsevier BV 30 (30): 50-57, 2010

30 E. A. Nauman, "Dependence of Intertrabecular Permeability on Flow Direction and Anatomic Site" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 27 (27): 517-524, 1999

31 A. Marmottant, "Coordination measurements in compacted NaCl irregular powders using X-ray microtomography" Elsevier BV 28 (28): 2441-2449, 2008

32 X.Y. Cheng, "Compression deformation behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with cellular structures fabricated by electron beam melting" Elsevier BV 16 : 153-162, 2012

33 D GRIFFON, "Chitosan scaffolds: Interconnective pore size and cartilage engineering" Elsevier BV 2 (2): 313-320, 2006

34 Luis Olmos, "Characterization of the swelling during sintering of uniaxially pressed copper powders by in situ X-ray microtomography" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 49 (49): 4225-4235, 2014

35 R SINGH, "Characterization of the structure and permeability of titanium foams for spinal fusion devices" Elsevier BV 5 (5): 477-487, 2009

36 R. Singh, "Characterization of the deformation behavior of intermediate porosity interconnected Ti foams using micro-computed tomography and direct finite element modeling" Elsevier BV 6 (6): 2342-2351, 2010

37 L.J. Gibson, "Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties" Cambridge University Press 175-, 1999

38 M.C. Varley, "Cell structure, stiffness and permeability of freeze-dried collagen scaffolds in dry and hydrated states" Elsevier BV 33 : 166-175, 2016

39 H Matsuno, "Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of refractory metal implants, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium" Elsevier BV 22 (22): 1253-1262, 2001

40 Seyed Mohammad Kalantari, "Biocompatibility and compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds having Mg element" Elsevier BV 48 : 183-191, 2015

41 Iván Farias, "Analyzing the compressive behavior of porous Ti6Al4V by X-ray microtomography" FapUNIFESP (SciELO) 20 (20): 1511-1517, 2017

42 Luis Olmos, "Analysing the sintering of heterogeneous powder structures by in situ microtomography" Informa UK Limited 89 (89): 2949-2965, 2009

43 Qizhi Z. Chen, "45S5 Bioglass®-derived glass–ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering" Elsevier BV 27 (27): 2414-2425, 2006

44 A. Vagnon, "3D statistical analysis of a copper powder sintering observed in situ by synchrotron microtomography" Elsevier BV 56 (56): 1084-1093, 2008

45 C.L. Lin, "3D characterization and analysis of particle shape using X-ray microtomography (XMT)" Elsevier BV 154 (154): 61-69, 2005