한국선교 초기 에큐메니컬 운동의 형성과정 연구 : 1884-1910 장로교와 감리교 간 연합 사례를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 1884년 미국 개신교 선교사들에 의한 공식적인 선교가 시작된 이후부터 1905년 재한개신교선교부공의회가 설립되는 과정을 거쳐 1910년 에든버러에서 세계선교사대회가 개최되기까지 한국선교, 또 초기 한국교회에 있어 어떻게 협력과 일치의 에큐메니컬적 가치가 형성되어 왔는지를 조망하는 것을 목표로 한다.
해방 이후 한국교회는 끊임없는 분열과 갈등, 대립을 겪어왔다. 한국교회의 대부분 교단이 복음주의를 표방하는 가운데 에큐메니컬은 마치 복음주의와 정반대를 표방하는 이단적인 가치인 것처럼 여겨지기도 했다. 에큐메니컬 신학은 ‘하나 됨’을 지향하지만, 다양성을 존중하고, 이러한 신학적 토대 위에서 형성된 에큐메니컬 운동은 선교와 봉사, 교육 등 기독교적 삶의 전 영역에 영향을 미친다. 한국교회는 초기부터 교회 간 일치와 연합을 추구했으며, 매우 성공적인 에큐메니컬 운동을 전개해 왔다. 각 교단의 선교사들은 교파를 초월하여 복음전도와 교육, 의료 등 선교의 전반에서 협력과 일치를 위해 노력해왔다.
한국교회가 초기부터 높은 수준의 에큐메니컬 운동을 전개할 수 있었던 배경에는 초기 선교사들의 성장·교육 배경 및 당시 한국이라고 하는 선교지의 특수한 환경적 상황, 당시 세계선교의 최선봉에서 활약했던 학생자원운동의 영향, 그리고 제1차, 2차 세계선교사대회에 이은 제3차 대회인 에든버러 세계선교사대회의 영향이 있었다.
이러한 역사적 전통에도 불구하고 여전히 현재의 한국교회는 기존의 분열된 모습을 극복하지 못하고 더욱 심각한 교파화와 교단화의 길로 접어들고 있다. 믿음의 선배들이 구축했던 많은 연합 기구들은 그 힘을 잃고 유명무실해지거나 연합의 가치를 잃어버리고 어느 한 편의 가치만을 대변하는 이익집단으로 변질되어버렸다. 교단 간의 대화도 점차 어려워지고 있으며, 상호 간의 협력과 연합보다는 적대와 분열, 증오가 팽배해가는 것이 사실이다.
본 논문은 1884부터 1910년까지 한국선교의 각 영역에서 이루어졌던 교파 간 연합과 협력의 사례와 그 배경을 중심으로 한국선교 초기 에큐메니즘의 형성과정을 밝혀내기 위해 문헌 연구를 진행하였다. 따라서 본 논문은 에큐메니컬 운동이 한국 개신교의 가장 큰 신학적 뿌리 중 하나였음을 밝혀내고, 이를 통해 현재 한국교회의 교파와 교단 간 대화와 화해, 그리고 연합의 가능성을 살펴보는 것을 그 목적으로 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to look at how the ecumenical value of cooperation and unity formed in Korean missions and early Korean churches, beginning in 1884 with official United States-based Protestant missionary activities, continuing in 1905 with the establishment of The General Council of Evangelical Missions in Korea, and concluding in 1910 with the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh.
Since achieving independence from Japan, Korean churches have been constantly divided, conflicted, and confronted by opposing religions. With most denominations of the Korean church advocating evangelism, ecumenical theology was sometimes regarded as heresy, advocating for ideals in opposition to evangelism. Ecumenical theology aims to be 'united', while still respecting diversity, and the ecumenical movement formed on this theological foundation affects all areas of Christian life, including missionary work, service, and education. From the beginning, the Korean Church has pursued unity and union between churches and has been developing a very successful ecumenical movement. Missionaries from branches of both denominations have striven for cooperation and unity in overall missionary work that transcends these theological divisions, such as evangelism, education, and medical care, transcending denominations.
The background of the Korean church's high-level ecumenical movement from the beginning includes the growth and educational background of early missionaries, the unique environmental situation of the missionary site of Korea at the time, the impact of the Student Volunteer Movement(SVM) at the forefront of world missionary work, and the impact of the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference, the third iteration following the 1st and 2nd World Missions Conferences.
Despite these historical traditions, the trajectory of the current Korean church is entering a path of more definitive denominations which serve to entrench, rather than overcome, existing fragmentation. Many organizations established by seniors of faith have lost their power and become nominal, or have abandoned the value of unity, and have been transformed into interest groups that represent only the values of one side. Hostility, division, and hatred are more prevalent than mutual cooperation and association.
This paper details the synthesis and analysis of a literature study which examines the process of the formation of ecumenism in the early stages of Korean missionary work, focusing on examples of interfaith associations and cooperation in each area of Korean missionary work from 1884 to 1910. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to historically establish the ecumenical movement as one of the biggest theological roots of Korean Protestantism and to investigate the possibility of conversation, reconciliation, and association between denominations in the current Korean church.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 차례
• 국문요약
• 제1장 서론 ························ 1
• 1.1. 연구 동기 및 연구 목적 ························ 1
• 1.2. 선행 연구 ······························· 2
• 1.3. 연구 범위 및 연구 방법 ························ 3
• 제2장 에큐메니컬의 이해 ················· 6
• 2.1. 에큐메니컬 용어의 의미와 그 기원 ··················· 6
• 2.2. 현대 한국 에큐메니컬 운동의 역사 ··················· 7
• 2.3. 에큐메니컬과 복음주의 ························· 13
• 제3장 한국선교 초기 에큐메니컬 운동의 배경 ······· 20
• 3.1. 초기 선교사들의 신학 ·························· 20
• 3.1.1. ‘미국식’ 개신교의 탄생 ························· 20
• 3.1.2. 초기 선교사들의 신학 배경 ······················ 23
• 3.1.2.1. 장로교선교사 ···························· 23
• 3.1.2.2. 감리교선교사 ···························· 24
• 3.1.3. 내한 선교사들의 신앙 양태 ······················· 25
• 3.1.3.1. 청교도 신앙 ······························ 26
• 3.1.3.2. 경건주의 신앙 ···························· 27
• 3.1.3.3. 복음적 신앙 ······························ 27
• 3.2. 초기 선교사들의 에큐메니컬 정신 ······················ 28
• 3.3. 존 모트와 학생자원운동(SVM) ························ 34
• 3.4. 세계선교사대회와 에큐메니컬 운동 ······················ 36
• 3.4.1. 1888 런던 선교대회 ····························· 38
• 3.4.2. 1900 뉴욕 선교대회 ······························ 40
• 3.4.3. 1910 에든버러 세계선교사대회 ······················· 41
• 제4장 한국선교 초기 에큐메니컬 운동 : 복음전도와 문서선교 · 47
• 4.1. 복음전도 사업 ····································· 41
• 4.1.1. 해외 선교부의 선교지 분할협정 ························ 41
• 4.1.2. 부흥운동 ········································ 50
• 4.2. 문서선교사업 ······································· 52
• 4.2.1. 신·구약 성서의 번역 ································ 52
• 4.2.2. 찬송가의 번역 ···································· 56
• 4.3.3. 기타 기독교 문서들의 번역 ···························· 58
• 제5장 한국선교 초기 에큐메니컬 운동 : 의료·교육 및 사회참여선교 · 62
• 5.1. 의료선교 사업 ········································ 62
• 5.2. 교육선교 사업 ········································ 68
• 5.2.1. 연합학교 ········································· 68
• 5.2.2. 평양 선교사 자녀학교 ······························ 70
• 5.2.3. 신학교 ·········································· 71
• 5.2.4. 평양연합대학 ··································· 75
• 5.3. 사회참여선교사업 ··································· 77
• 제6장 결론 ························ 80
• 참고문헌 ························· 85
• Abstract ·························· 91