ATP oscillations which are crucial for prechondrogenic condensation in chondrogenesis In this study, we found that ES(Electrical Stimulation) generated ATP and calcium oscillations and induced chondrogenesis without addition of exogenous growth factor...
ATP oscillations which are crucial for prechondrogenic condensation in chondrogenesis In this study, we found that ES(Electrical Stimulation) generated ATP and calcium oscillations and induced chondrogenesis without addition of exogenous growth factors. The actions of ES for ATP oscillations and chondrogenesis depended on extracellular ATP signaling via P2X4receptor.Inaddition,ESinducedthesignificantincreaseinexpressionof-β1 and BMP2, and inhibition of either -β or BMP signaling prevented the ES-induced chondrogenesis.