근대 초기 일본의 문명 개념 수용과 그 세속화 = The Acceptance of the Concept of Civilization in the Early Phase of Modernization and Secularization in Japan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present article examines the adoption, in the early period of Japanese modernization and secularization, of the concept of civilization originating in the West, and how the use of the translated term spread to the common people. The relationship between the concept of civilization and modernization of Japan is therefore addressed. First of all, it considers how the word `civilization` was translated into Japanese; while civilization was initially translated as `Bunmeikaika(文明開化),` `Bunmei(文明)`and `Kaika(開化),` `Bunmei`eventually overwhelmed the other terms, and settled in Japanese society. Also examined is the recognition of the concept of civilization by Japanese intellectuals, particularly Hukuzawa Yukichi and fellow Meirokusha members. Intellectuals, including Hukuzawa, recognized that civilization is the highest stage in the development of human history, and has its own universality. In addition, according to them, civilization is a process of advancing out of savageness, with the advancement of intelligence for energy. Furthermore, it centers on the advancement of human comfort and dignity. Eventually, their purpose, concretely speaking, is to aim toward the Western model. This concept of civilization is secularized further as it spreads to the common people. Through the textbook of the world geography, civilization is regarded as the opposite concept of savageness. And the formula is formed that civilization is to the West as savageness is to Africa. On the other hand, the concept of civilization included in the book for popular enlightenment is filled with the contents informing the government`s reform policy. Therefore, it implies that the amelioration of customs and the policy of modernization are equal to `civilization.` The remarkable characteristic of the concept of civilization in the early period of Japanese modernization is that it is highly appreciated as a very positive value. It suggests that the concept of civilization at that time supported the process of modernization by which Japan had propelled to establish modern nation, with its target the West.

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