Toxic air pollution handbook : edited by David R.Patrick

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgment = xiv
• Preface = xv
• Contributor List = xix
• PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION
• 1 Background / David R. Patrick = 3
• Introduction = 3
• A Brief History of Air Pollution = 3
• Early Efforts to Regulate Air Pollution = 5
• The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments = 7
• Regulation of Hazardous Air Pollutants from 1970 to 1990 = 8
• Toxic Air Pollutant Regulatory Responsibilities = 12
• The Definition of Toxic Air Pollutants = 16
• The Scope of the Toxic Air Pollutant Problem = 18
• References = 23
• 2 Title Ⅲ of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments / Henry A. Waxman 25
• Introduction = 25
• Regulation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Under the 1990 Amendments = 26
• 3 Toxic Air Pollutants and Their Sources / David R. Patrick 33
• Introduction = 33
• The List of Hazardous Air Pollutants = 33
• Air Toxics Source Categories to be Regulated = 42
• References = 49
• 4 Assessment and Control of Toxic Air Pollutants / David R. Patrick = 50
• Introduction = 50
• How This Handbook is Organized = 52
• PART Ⅱ HEALTH ASSESSMENT
• 5 Evaluation of Toxicological Data : Staff of Clement International Corporation = 57
• Introduction = 57
• Epidemiological Studies = 57
• Animal Studies = 59
• Route of Exposure = 71
• Determination of the Weight of Evidence = 71
• Health Information Sources = 73
• Reference = 78
• 6 Quantitative Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment / Annette M. Shipp ; Bruce C. Allen = 79
• Introduction = 79
• Overview of Chemical Carcinogenesis = 80
• Quantitative Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment = 81
• Reducing Uncertainty in Risk Assessment = 92
• References = 98
• 7 Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Toxic Air Pollutants : Available Approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk management / Annie M. Jarabek ; Sharon A. Segal = 100
• Introduction = 100 Historical Perspecitive = 100
• Current Noncancer Health Risk Assessment Practices = 102
• Approaches for Chronic Duration Data = 106
• Approaches for Less-than-Lifetime Exposure = 121
• References = 127
• PART Ⅲ EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
• 8 Exposure Assessment Principles / Paul C. Chrostowski = 133
• Introduction = 133
• Required Expertise and Resources = 137
• Exposure Assessment Methods = 138
• Environmental Fate and Transport = 146
• Routes of Exposure and their Quantitative Expression = 152
• Pharmacokinetic and Physiological Factors = 154
• Characterization of the Exposed Population = 156
• Typical Air Toxics Exposure Scenarios = 159
• References = 163
• 9 Source Sampling and Analysis / Robin R. Segall ; Peter R. Westlin = 166
• Introduction = 166
• Available Techniques for Measuring Air Toxics Emissions = 168
• Choice of Available Techniques = 199
• Sampling and Analysis Precautions = 204
• Emerging Measurement Technologies = 211
• References = 213
• 10 Emissions Estimation / David R. Patrick = 217
• Introduction = 217
• Sources of Toxic Air Pollutant Emissions = 217
• Emissions Estimation Techniques = 220
• References = 225
• 11 Air Dispersion and Deposition Models / James F. Lape = 226
• Introduction = 226
• The Nature of Air Quality Modeling = 226
• Required Expertise = 230
• Available Models and Modeling Guidance = 233
• References = 240
• 12 Atmospheric Transformation and Removal of Air Toxics / Mary P. Ligocki = 241
• Introduction = 241
• Chemical Reactivity = 241
• Gas-Particle Partitioning = 243
• Physical Removal Processes = 243
• Atmospheric Lifetimes = 244
• References = 247
• 13 Human Intake / Sarah A. Foster = 249
• Introduction = 249
• Identify Exposure Pathways = 249
• Human Dose Calculations = 251
• Chemical-Specific Considerations = 257
• Input Parameters = 257
• Exposure Scenarios = 258
• Calculation of Chemical Doses = 259
• References = 262
• 14 Population and Activity Analysis / Arlene S. Rosenbaum = 264
• Introduction = 264
• Location of Population = 265
• Health Status = 267
• Population Activity Patterns = 269
• References = 276
• 15 Ecological Risk Assessment / Judi L. Durda = 280
• Introduction = 280
• Basic Paradigm and Approaches = 281
• Hazard Assessment = 282
• Exposure Assessment = 283
• Dose-Response Assessment = 284
• Risk Characterization = 285
• References = 286
• PART Ⅳ REGULATORY STRATEGIES
• 16 Legislative and Legal Considerations / Kathy D. Bailey = 291
• Introduction = 291
• Federal Legislative Activity Before 1991 = 291
• The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments = 292
• Regulatory Activity Before 1990 = 296
• State and Local Programs = 301
• References = 312
• 17 Ambient Concentration Limits / David R. Patrick = 313
• Introduction = 313
• Derivation of Ambient Concentration Limits = 314
• Compliance with Ambient Concentration Limits = 321
• Current Usage of Ambient Concentration Limits = 324
• References = 324
• 18 Technology Standards / Jack R. Farmer = 325
• Introduction = 325
• The Standards Development Process = 325
• Elements of an Emission Standard = 326
• Hazardous Air Pollutant Standards = 328
• Other Technology Standards = 336
• References = 340
• 19 Risk Assessment and Risk Management / David R. Patrick = 341
• Introduction = 341
• Environmental Risk Assessment = 342
• Risk Characterization = 344
• Current Risk Assessment Research = 351
• Uncertainties in Risk Assessment = 354
• Interpretation of Risk Numbers = 356
• References = 359
• 20 Cost-Benefit Approaches / David R. Patrick = 362
• Introduction = 362
• The Use of Cost Information in Air Pollution Regulation = 362
• A Typical Cost-Benefit Analyses = 365
• Problems Associated with Cost-Benefit Analyses = 367
• Possible Cost-Benefit Approaches for Air Toxics = 368
• References = 368
• PART Ⅴ CONTROL METHODS
• 21 Gaseous Toxic Air Pollutant Control Technologies / Joseph Laznow ; Avi Patkar = 373
• Introduction = 373
• Emission Control Technologies = 373
• References = 397
• 22 Fugitive Emissions Controls / Thomas A. Kittlenman ; Paul R. Jann ; Jerry M. Schroy ; Seshasayi Dharmavaram = 398
• Introduction = 398
• Equipment Leaks = 399
• Evaporative Secondary Emissions = 425
• References = 436
• 23 Pollution Prevention / James Cummings-Saxton = 440
• Introduction = 440
• Historical Context = 440
• What is Pollution Prevention? = 442
• Methodological Framework = 450
• References = 458
• PART Ⅵ OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES
• 24 Special Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants / David R. Patrick = 461
• Introduction = 461
• Electric Utility Steam Generators = 461
• Publicly Owned Treatment Works = 464
• Coke Ovens = 465
• Municipal Incinerators = 466
• References = 467
• 25 Mobile Sources and Air Toxics / Michael P. Walsh = 469
• Introduction = 469
• Mobile Sources Requirements in the 1990 Amendments = 470
• Toxic Pollutants from Mobile Sources = 481
• Factors That Influence Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions = 484
• References = 487
• 26 Other Programs That Control Toxic Air Pollutants / David R. Patrick = 489
• Introduction = 489
• State and Local Air Toxics Programs = 490
• EPA's 33/50 Program = 491
• Early Reduction Program = 491
• Toxics Release Inventory = 493
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards Program = 494
• Accidental Release Program = 500
• Indoor Air Pollution Program = 502
• References = 503
• 27 Control of Air Toxics In Other Countries / Si Duk Lee ; Toni Schneider = 505
• Introduction = 505
• Control of Air Toxics in Japan = 505
• Control of Air Toxics in Some European Countries = 508
• Other Countries = 513
• References = 513
• 28 Risk Communication on Toxic Air Pollutants / Sharon M. Friedman = 514
• Introduction = 514
• Defining Risk Communication = 515
• Uncertainty Factors = 516
• Public Values and Risk = 517
• Perceptions of Risk = 517
• The Public's Right to Know = 518
• Implications of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments = 520
• Risk Communication Models = 520
• Implementing a Risk Communication Program = 523
• References = 525
• APPENDICES
• A Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Air Pollutants : Available approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk Management / Annie M. Jarabek ; Sharon A. Segal = 529
• Introduction = 529
• EPA's Integrated Risk Information System = 529
• Inhalation RfC Dosimetric Adjustments and Case Examples = 530
• References = 540
• B Supplementary Procedures for Obtaining Fugitive Emission Estimates / Thomas A. Kittleman ; Paul R. Jann ; Seshasayi dharmavaram = 542
• B1. Determining the Significance of an Observed Difference Between Actual and Assumed Process Average Screening Values = 542
• B2. Decision Rules for Validating Established Leak Rate/Screening Value Curves = 543
• Wilcoxon Test = 543
• Slope Test = 543
• B3. Least-Squares Estimation of a Linear Relationship = 544
• B4. Combining Available Bagging Data with That Used to Develop the Established Leak Rate/Screening Value Curves = 545
• B5. Validating the Assumptions of the Least-Squares Analysis = 545
• B6. Determining an Appropriate Sample Size = 546
• B7. Handling of Zero Screening Sources = 547
• Case 1 = 547
• Case 2 = 547
• Case 3 = 547
• References = 549
• C Response Factors / Thomas A. Kittleman ; Paul R. Jann ; Seshasayi Dharmavaram = 550
• Description = 550
• References = 551
• D Vacuum Bagging / Thomas A. Kittleman ; Paul R. Jann ; Seshasayi Dharmavaram = 552
• Description = 552
• Calculations for Vacuum Bagging Method = 553
• References = 554
• E Blow-Through Bagging / Thomas A. Kittleman ; Paul R. Jann ; Seshasayi Dharmavaram = 555
• Description = 555
• References = 557
• F Recirculation Bagging / Thomas A. Kittleman ; Paul R. Jann ; Seshasayi Dharmavaram = 558
• Description = 558
• References = 558
• G Exposure and Risk Models / Gerald E. Anderson = 559
• Model Approaches = 559
• References = 564
• Acronyms and Abbreviations = 567
• Bibliography = 573
• Index = 579