Cases and materials on federal income taxation : individuals, corporations, partnerships

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xv
• TABLE OF CASES = xli
• TABLE OF STATUTES = li
• TABLE OF FEDERAL INTERNAL REVENUE REGULATIONS = xciii
• TABLE OF REVENUE RULINGS = xcix
• TABLE OF REVENUE PROCEDURES = cv
• PART Ⅰ. TAXATION OF INDIVIDUALS
• Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction to Federal Income Taxation = 2
• A. Economic and Fiscal Importance of the Federal Income Tax = 2
• B. Tax Legislation and Legislative Process = 3
• C. Administration and Enforcement = 10
• D. Judicial Procedure = 10
• E. A Glossary of Terms = 11
• F. The Graduated Rate Structure = 14
• G. Annual Tax Periods and Accounting = 15
• H. Sales of Property, Return of Capital and Basis = 16
• I. Taxation of Capital Gains and Losses = 16
• J. Depreciation and Accelerated Cost Recovery(A.C.R.S.) = 17
• K. Foreign Income and the Global Tax = 18
• L. Tax-Exempt Organizations = 20
• M. A Few Questions = 20
• N. A Few Suggestions = 22
• O. Bibliography = 23
• Chapter Ⅱ. What Is "Income"? = 26
• A. Introduction = 26
• B. Progressive Tax Rates and Their Relationship to the Tax Base = 26
• C. What Is Gross Income(Statutory Inclusion)? See §§ 61(a), 1(a)-(d), 2(a)-(b), 3-5, 11 ； Regs. § 1.61, Subsections -1(a), -2(a), -2(c), -2(d)(1), -3(a), -6(a), -7(a), -8(a), -9(a), -10(a), -11(a), -12(a), -14(a) = 28
• Chapter Ⅲ. What Is Excluded From Gross Income?(Statutory Exclusion and Inclusion) = 92
• A. Introduction = 92
• B. Gifts and Bequests - § 102(First), Then §§ 84, 101(b), 1014(a), 1015(a), 1023 ； See also § 691 ； Regs. § 1.102-(c) ； Cf. § 274(b), (d) = 92
• C. Death Benefits(Life Insurance, etc.) - § 101(a), (b), (c) & (d) and § 79 ； See also § 72 ； and see Regs. § 1.101-1 = 106
• D. Prizes and Awards - § 74 ； Regs. § 1.74-1 = 113
• E. Scholarships and Fellowships - § 117(and read Regs. § 1.117) = 116
• F. Annuities - § 72(a), (b), (c)(1) & (3), (d) = 122
• G. Compensation for Personal Injuries or Sickness - §§ 104-106 ； § 123 ； Cf. § 186 ；［see especially Regs. § 1.104-1(c), (d)］= 129
• H. Meals and Lodging - § 119 ； Regs. § 1.119 ； § 107 ； § 262 = 136
• I. Interest on Governmental Obligations - § 103 = 46
• J. Miscellaneous - §§ 71-134 = 154
• Chapter Ⅳ. What Is Deductible(or Otherwise Allowed)? Profit-Related Allowances : Deductions and Credits = 156
• A. Introduction = 156
• B. Profit-Related Deductions : Outlines and Limits. §§ 162 and 212 ； Cf. § 262 = 158
• C. Expenses, Ordinary and Necessary - In Carrying on Any Trade or Business, or Incurred for the Production of Income, or for the Management, Conservation or Maintenance of Property Held for the Production of Income. § 162(a) ； § 212 ； § 262 ； § 162(b)-(g) = 173
• D. Expenses in Carrying on Any Trade or Business, Including a Reasonable Allowance for Salaries or Other Compensation. See § 162(a)(1) ； Regs. § 1.162-7, -8, -9. -10(a) = 187
• E. Traveling Expenses While Away From Home on Business(and Some Other Business Expenses). See § 162(a)(2) ； and See Regs. §§ 1.162-2, 1.162-17 = 193
• F. Other Limitations on Deductions That Qualify Under § 162(a) ； See §§ 162(b)-(g) ； § 183, 189, 261-279, Esp. §§ 274, 278, 279 ； § 217 ； § 280A ； Regs. § 1.162-17(re. substantiation) = 207
• G. Expenses, Not Capital Expenditures? See § 263 ； and Note the Limitations Contained in § 162(a)(3). See also Regs. § 1.162-4, and § 1.212-1(k), (m) & (n) ； § 1.263(a)-(c) = 221
• H. Depreciation Deductions - § 167. Regs. §§ 1.167(a)-1 Through (a)-5 ； § 1.167(b)-O ； § 167(a), (b), (f), (g), (j), (k) ； § 168 ； § 179 = 234
• I. The Investment Credit - And Recapture. Read §§ 38, 46(a)(1), (b), 47(a)(1), 48(a)(1), (b), (c)(1), (d)(3), (h)(1)-(2) = 261
• J. Depletion. See §§ 611-613A = 271
• K. Other Allowances - See §§ 21-26, 34, 51-52, 174. 280C = 277
• Chapter Ⅴ. Deductions(and Other Allowances) Applicable to Personal as Well as Profit-Related Activities = 281
• A. Introduction = 281
• B. Interest - §§ 163, 265(2), 267 ； and See §§ 216, 264(a) & (c), 266, 385, 454, 483, 1232(a), 7872 = 283
• C. Taxes - §§ 164, 275 ； and See §§ 1001(b), 1012 = 299
• D. Losses - § 165(a)-(i) ； §§ 172, 183, 267, 465, 704(d), 1091, 1244 = 301
• E. Bad Debts - § 166 ; See also Regs. § 1.166-5 ； and Take Note of § 271 = 338
• F. Household and Dependent Care Expenses - § 21 = 352
• Chapter Ⅵ. Personal Allowances = 357
• A. Introduction = 357
• B. Charitable Contributions and Gifts - § 170 ； See also §§ 501-503, as Necessary = 358
• C. Medical and Dental Expenses. See I.R.C. § 213 ； See Also Regs. § 1.213 when helpful. And, remember § 262 and §§ 162, 212 = 387
• D. Personal and Dependency Exemptions. See §§ 151, 152 = 395
• E. "Personal" Allowances - Credits Against Tax = 402
• F. The Zero-Bracket Amount and Itemizing Deductions. §§ 62-63 = 405
• Chapter Ⅶ. When Is Income Taxable?(When May Allowances Be Taken?) = 409
• A. Introduction = 409
• B. Annual Accounting for Income. See §§ 441(a), (b) & (c), § 451(a), § 461(a), § 446(a) & (c) ； See also Regs. § 1.441-1(a), (b), (c) & (d) = 412
• C. Methods of Accounting - The Cash Receipts and Disbursements Method. See § 441, § 446, § 451, § 461, § 471. See Also Regs. § 1-446-1(a)(3), -1(c)(1)(i), § 1.451-1(a), -2(a) and § 1.461-1 = 420
• D. The Accrual Method. See § 446(c), § 451(a), § 461(a). See also Regs. § 1-446-1(c)(1)(ⅱ), § 1.451-1 & § 1.461-1 = 437
• E. Installment Sale Method. See §§ 453(a), (b) (d)(l), 483, 446(c) ； See Also §§ 453A & 453B ； Regs. § 15A.453 = 448
• F. Additional Materials on Accounting Methods = 453
• G. Some Special Timing Rules = 461
• Chapter Ⅷ. To Whom Is Income Taxable?(Who May Take an Allowance?) = 510
• A. Introduction = 510
• B. Federal Income Tax Treatment of Individuals and Families = 511
• C. Transfers by Gift - Property and Anticipatory Assignments of Income = 515
• D. Family Partnerships and Other Business Arrangements = 537
• E. Property Settlements, Division of Jointly-Held Property = 545
• F. Alimony, Spousal Support, and Similar Payments. See § 71 ； See also §§ 62(13), 215, 682 = 547
• G. Transfers in Trust - More Attribution of Income Problems = 552
• Chapter Ⅸ. How is the Income Taxable?(Dispositions of Property : Capital Gains and Losses : Other Special Tax Rates, Including Minimum and Maximum Rates and Their Interactions) = 580
• A. Gains and Losses on Sales or Other Dispositions of Property = 580
• B. Introduction to Capital Gains and Losses = 598
• C. Rationales for Capital Gains Taxation = 601
• D. Statutory Analysis of the Pattern of Rules for Capital Gains and Losses = 604
• E. What Is a Capital Asset? = 606
• F. What Is a Sale or Exchange? = 628
• G. The Holding Period = 644
• H. Patents, Copyrights and Other Special Kinds of Assets - See §§ 1235, 1237, 1241, 1244, 1253. See also §§ 1233-1236 ； §§ 1238-1250, §§ 1252-1254 = 647
• I. Quasi-Capital Asset Treatment for Some Assets That Are Not § 1221 Capital Assets - § 1231(And Regs.) = 649
• J. Recapturing Depreciation on Disposition of Depreciable Capital Assets or § 1231 Quasi-Capital Assets ； Recapturing Accelerated Cost Recovery or § 179 "Expense Deduction" on Disposition of Recovery Property(§§ 1245 & 1250) ； Recapture of Investment Credit - § 47 ； See Also § 1239, §§ 1251-1252, § 1238, § 1254 ； Cf. § 278, § 291 = 656
• K. Capital Gains and Nonrecognition = 661
• L. Capital Gains and Inflation = 662
• M. The Maximum Tax on Personal Service Income - § 1348 = 664
• N. The Alternative Minimum Tax for Tax Preferences - §§ 55-58 = 664
• O. Reform of Capital Gains = 666
• Chapter Ⅹ. Current Issues of Tax Revision and Reform ; Using Tax Laws to Accomplish Social and Economic Change = 681
• A. Introduction = 681
• B. Continuing Issues in Tax Reform = 684
• C. Income Taxation as an Instrument of Fiscal Policy = 725
• D. Inflation and Taxes = 731
• E. Tax as a Corrective for Specific Social Ills = 741
• F. Graduated Rates, Progressive Taxation, Equity, Efficiency, Simplicity and Inflation Control = 752
• G. The Demogrant - Flat(Proportional) Rate System = 760
• H. A Structural Overhaul - Simplification, Equity, Efficiency, Stabilization? = 763
• I. Consumption Base Income Tax Versus Accretion Base Income Tax(Taxing Expenditures Versus Income) ； Value-Added Taxation = 766
• J. Policy Analysis = 776
• PART Ⅱ. TAXATION OF CORPORATIONS AND SHAREHOLDERS
• Chapter XI. Taxation of Corporations - General = 778
• A. Introduction = 778
• B. The Corporation as a Separate Entity = 790
• Chapter XII. Formation of the Corporation = 825
• A. Formation and Transfers to a Corporation - §§ 351, 357, 358, 362, 1032 ； Regs. § 1.351-1 & -2 = 825
• Chapter XIII. Operation of the Corporation = 858
• A. The Capital Structure of the Corporation and Corporate Distributions = 858
• B. Distributions of Assets by the Corporation to Its Shareholders(and Others) ； The Capital Structure of the Corporation = 865
• C. What Is a Distribution Taxable as a "Dividend" to Shareholders? See §§ 301(a)-(d), 312(a), (b), (c) ； 316 ； 116 ； 243 = 870
• D. Distribution by Corporation - Tax Effects to Corporation - §§ 311, 312, 336, 341, 453B, 1245, 1250, 47 = 883
• E. Stock Dividends(Distributions by a Corporation of Its Own Shares to Shareholders With Respect to Their Shares) - §§ 305, 307, 311(a)(1), 312(d), 317(b) = 890
• F. Redemption by the Corporation of Outstanding Shares and Partial Liquidation - §§ 302, 303, 304, 306, 311, 312(d), 317(b), 318, 346(b) = 895
• Chapter XIV. Termination of the Corporation-Liquidations = 932
• A. Complete Liquidations = 932
• B. Collapsible Corporations - § 341 ； Regs. § 1.341, Esp. § 1.341-5 = 985
• Chapter XV. Special Tax Treatment for Small Businesses and Some Special Situations Involving Abuse of the Corporate Form = 995
• A. Special Tax Treatment for Small Businesses = 995
• B. Special Problems of Corporate Operation - And Abuse = 1012
• Chapter XVI. Organic Changes - Corporate Reorganizations - Acquisitions, Combinations, Dispositions, Divisions and Recapitalizations = 1025
• A. Organic Changes, Reorganizations and Recapitalizations in General =1025
• B. Types of Reorganizations : Acquisitive Reorganizations = 1038
• C. Divisive Reorganizations ； Divisions Without Reorganization = 1102
• D. Static and Other Reorganizations = 1136
• E. Other Reorganization and Multiple Corporation Matters = 1153
• PART Ⅲ. TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS AND PARTNERS
• Chapter XVII. Taxation of Partnerships and Partners = 1172
• A. Preliminary Matters = 1172
• B. The Partnership as a Reporting, Not a Taxpaying, Entity - See §§ 61(a)(13), 701, 702(a), (b), 703, 704(a), (b) and (d), 706, 707, 761(c) = 1175
• C. Formation of, and Transfers to, a Partnership. See §§ 721, 722, 723, 705, 707, 733, 752, 761(a), (b) = 1189
• D. Transfer(Sale) of a Partnership Interest - The Nature of a Partner's Interest in the Partnership - See §§ 706(c), 708, 732(d) 736, 741. 742, 743, 751(a), (c) and (d), 752(d), 754, 755 = 1198
• E. Partnership Distributions = 1211
• PART Ⅳ. TAX POLICY
• Chapter XVIII. Tax Policy : Integration, Incidence, Inflation = 1236
• A. Reformation and Improvement of the Corporate Income Tax = 1236
• B. Integration of the Corporate and Individual Income Taxes = 1241
• C. Incidents of the Corporate Income Tax = 1258
• D. Inflation, Indexing, Investment and Stabilization = 1264
• E. Indexing for Inflation = 1265
• INDEX = 1271