고전장원제의 성립과 그 배경 = The Formation of the Classic Manor System and its Background

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is presumed that the classic manor system in which the lord`s demesne was cultivated by the corve`e of small tenants generally came into existence toward the year 800. Its basic framework was arranged in the course of 8th century. But the classic manor system was formed as a result of the economic and social change occured over a long period from the later Roman Empire to the early Middle Ages. The change operated upon the formation of small tenants performing the corve`e in order to farm lord`s demesne. Transition proceeded in two large directions. The one is the elevation of slaves to peasants cultivting the demesne of their master through becoming housed slaves or being liberated as perfect freemen or growing into freedmen. This implies that compulsory labour force turned from the wasting employment of unhoused slaves to the perpetual reproduction system originated from slaves` farming and marriage life in their tenancies. This transition resulted from the fact that the wars of conquest which had been a source of supply of servile labour force came to an end since the age of the Roman Empire. The other change was that the free peasants who had had medium and small land lost their personal freedom and landed property and were ruined to corve`e-tenants cultivating the demesne of magnates by their oppression and trickery in the violence and disorder continued from the later Roman Empire to the early Middle Ages. This downfall of free peasants into corve`e-tenants was caused by the shortage of compulsory labour force needed for the cultivation of landlord`s demesne, because slaves rose to petty tenants and in consequence compulsory services were reduced. In short, it can be said as follows. The existence of the large estate system under direct management tilled by the compulsory labour of slaves before the formation of the classic manor system, the deficiency of compulsory labour force cultivating the landlord`s demesne owing to the cessation of conquest war since the later Roman Empire and the violent disorder of long duration since the later Roman Empire which led to the degradation of free peasantry to the status of corve`e-tenants were the main background and condition in which the classic manor system was formed. (Dong-A University)