중소벤처기업의 인지적 국제화 장애요인이 해외진입방식 선택에 미치는 영향

국문 초록 (Abstract)

기존연구들에서는 해외진출을 수행하는 중소벤처기업의 국제화 장애요인으로 해외진출에 필요한 각종 기업자원의 부족을 설명하고 있다. 그러나 중소벤처기업 국제화의 장애요인으로 해당 기업 경영진이 인식하고 있는 인지적 장애요인(perceptual barriers)을 다루는 연구는 소수에 불과한 실정이다. 자원기반 관점 및 기술수용모형과 관련된 연구들에서는 전략적인 의사 결정과정에서 경영자나 경영진이 인식하고 있는 인지적 요인이 매우 중요한 요인으로 제시되고 있는데 해외시장 진입방식의 선택은 중소벤처기업의 해외진출 성공에 영향을 미칠 수 있 는 중요한 전략적 의사결정 사항으로 본 연구에서는 중소벤처기업의 국제화 과정에서 해외진출에 필요한 기업자원의 부족에 대한 경영자나 경영진의 인식이 중소벤처기업의 진입방식 선택에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 구체적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 4개의 연구가설을 수립하였고, 168개 해외진출 중소벤처기업을 대상으로 계층적 회귀분석을 이용한 실증분석을 수행한 결과, 경험적 지식기반 자원과 기술적 지식기반 자원요인이 상대적으로 자원몰입이 낮은 진입방식 선택에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지식기반 자원의 부족에 대한 인식이 기타 유무형 자원의 부족에 대한 인식보다 상대적으로 자원몰입이 낮은 진입방식 선택에 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻을 수 있었던 중요한 시사점은 기업자원 및 역량의 부족에 대한 경영자나 경영진의 인식이 중소 벤처기업의 진입방식 선택에 매우 중요한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 확인되었다는 것으로 특히, 다양한 기업자원 중 지식기반 기업자원의 부족에 대한 인식이 다른 유무형적인 기업자원의 부족에 대한 인식보다도 중소벤처기업의 해외진입방식 선택에 보다 강한 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다는 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is documented in the literature that deficiency of various resources constitutes a barrier to firms’ internationalization. However, SMEs’ perceptual barriers to internationalization have received little attention. By highlighting the importance of managerial perceptions in strategic decisions and integrating the resource-based view and the technology acceptance model, this study examines the role of perceived resource deficiency in SMEs’ choice of foreign entry mode. The choice of entry mode in foreign markets is an important strategic decision-making for the success of overseas expansion SMEs’. The aim of this study, i have developed and tested 4 different hypothesis. The hierarchical regression model analysis of 168 Korean SMEs shows that perceived resource deficiency in experiential knowledge and technological knowledge effect the choice of lower commitment entry modes relatively. And perceived resource deficiency in knowledge(experiential and technological)-based resources is more negatively related to SMEs’ choice of lower commitment entry modes than is the perceived resource deficiency in other firm-specific resources. This study extends insights on antecedents of SMEs’ choice of resource commitment entry modes in foreign markets. The major implications of this study suggests that perceived resource deficiency constitutes a major perceptual barrier to SMEs’ choice of foreign entry mode. Particularly, perceived resource deficiency in knowledge-based resources has more negative impact on choice of lower commitment foreign entry mode than does that in other firm-specific resources.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론
• Ⅱ. 이론적 논의와 가설의 설정
• Ⅲ. 연구방법
• Ⅳ. 분석결과
• Ⅴ. 결론: 연구요약 및 향후 연구방향
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 황수연, "한국 외식서비스기업의 해외시장진입방법 및 경영 통제수준 결정요인" 한국국제경영학회 26 (26): 117-149, 2015

2 이영덕, "중국기업의 해외직접투자 동기 및 진입방식에 관한 연구" 한국국제경영관리학회 18 (18): 1-22, 2014

3 양오석, "은행의 해외시장 진입모드를 결정하는 요인 연구: 조직학습 관점에서" 한국국제경영관리학회 16 (16): 49-93, 2012

4 허영호, "동적역량의 결정요인과 경쟁우위 및 해외시장성과와의 관계" 한국국제경영학회 23 (23): 33-73, 2012

5 김정포, "국제신생벤처기업의 해외진입방식 선택에 영향을 미치는 요인" 한국국제경영관리학회 19 (19): 171-193, 2015

6 Fombrun, C., "What’s In a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy" 33 : 233-258, 1990

7 Wiedersheim-Paul, F., "Transactions Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations" 22 : 233-262, 1978

8 Keats, B. W., "Toward a Theory of Small firm Performance: A Conceptual Model" 12 (12): 41-58, 1988

9 Johanson, J., "The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited : From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership" 40 (40): 1411-1431, 2009

10 Hall, R., "The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resource" 13 : 135-144, 1992

11 Lages, L. F., "The STRATADAPT Scale : A Measure of Marketing Strategy Adaptation to International Business Markets" 25 (25): 584-600, 2008

12 Garcia, R., "The Role of Knowledge in Resource Allocation to Exploration versus Exploitation in Technologically Oriented Organizations" 34 (34): 323-350, 2003

13 Cafferata, R., "The Role of Information in the Internationalization of SMEs : A Typological Approach" 13 (13): 35-46, 1995

14 Mahoney, J. T., "The Resource-based View within the Conversation of Strategic Management" 13 (13): 363-390, 1992

15 Miller, D., "The Resource-based View of the Firm in Two Environments : The Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965" 39 (39): 519-543, 1996

16 Barney, J. B., "The Resource-based View of the Firm : Ten Years after 1991" 27 : 625-641, 2001

17 Andersson, S., "The Internationalization of the Firms from an Entrepreneurial Perspective" 30 (30): 63-92, 2000

18 Hutchinson, K., "The Internationalization of Small to Medium-sized Retail Companies: Towards a Conceptual Framework" 21 (21): 149-179, 2005

19 Johanson, J., "The Internationalization Process of the Firm : A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitment" 8 (8): 23-32, 1977

20 Burgel, O., "The International Market Entry Choices of Start-up Companies in High Technology Industries" 8 (8): 33-62, 2000

21 Reuber, A. R., "The Influence of the Management Team’s International Experience on the Internationalization Behaviors of SMEs" 28 (28): 807-825, 1997

22 Wu, J., "The Impact of Operational User Participation on Perceived System Implementation Success : An Empirical Investigation" 47 : 127-140, 2006

23 Etchebarne, M. S., "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Firms Export Performance" 137 : 165-191, 2010

24 Zou, S., "The GMS : A Broad Conceptualization of Global Marketing Strategy and Its Effect on Firm Performance" 66 (66): 40-56, 2002

25 Aharoni, Y., "The Foreign Investment Decision Process" Harvard University Press 1966

26 Bilkey, W. J., "The Export Behavior of Small‐Sized Wisconsin Manufacturing Firms" 8 : 93-98, 1977

27 Erramilli, M. K., "The Experience Factor in Foreign Markets Entry Behavior of Service Firms" 22 (22): 479-501, 1991

28 Winter, S. G., "The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal" Ballinger 1987

29 Almor, T., "The Competitive Advantage and Strategic Configuration of Knowledge-intensive, Small-and Medium-sized Multinationals : A Modified Resource-based View" 10 (10): 479-500, 2004

30 Chang, S. J., "The Choice of Entry Mode in Sequential Foreign Direct Investment" 22 (22): 747-776, 2001

31 Knight, G. A., "The Born Global Firm : A Challenge to Traditional Internationalization Theory" 8 : 11-26, 1997

32 Livengood, R. S., "That’s Our Turf! Identity Domains and Competitive Dynamics" 35 (35): 48-66, 2010

33 Van Hoorn, T. P., "Strategic Planning in Small and Medium-sized Companies" 12 : 84-91, 1979

34 Hitt, M. A., "Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization" South-Western College Publishing 2001

35 Morschett, D., "Strategic International Management" Gabler 2009

36 Barney, J. B., "Strategic Factor Markets : Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy" 32 (32): 1231-1241, 1986

37 Kelm, K. M., "Shareholder Value Creation During R&D Innovation and Commercialization Stages" 38 (38): 770-786, 1995

38 Peng, M. W., "Schumpeterian Dynamics versus Williamsonian Considerations : A Test of Export Intermediary Performance" 37 (37): 167-784, 2000

39 Crick, D., "SMEs’ Barriers towards Internationalization and Assistance Requirements in the UK : Differences between Exporters and Firms Employing Multiple Modes of Market Entry" 20 (20): 233-244, 2007

40 Olejnik, E., "SMEs' Internationalisation Patterns : Descriptives, Dynamics and Determinants" 29 (29): 466-495, 2012

41 Schweizer, R., "SMEs and Networks : Overcoming the Liability of Outsidership" 11 (11): 80-103, 2013

42 McAdam, R., "SME and Large Organization Perceptions of Knowledge Management : Comparisons and Contrasts" 5 (5): 231-241, 2001

43 Sharma, V. M., "Resource-based Explanation of Entry Mode Choice" 12 : 1-18, 2004

44 Fombrun, C., "Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image" Harvard Business School Press 1996

45 Holmlund, M., "Relationship and the Internationalization of Finnish Small and Medium-sized Companies" 16 (16): 46-63, 1998

46 Shoham, A., "Reducing the Impact of Barriers to Exporting : A Managerial Perspective" 3 (3): 85-105, 1995

47 Suh, T., "Reassessing Firm Size in International Marketing Research" 24 (24): 85-99, 2011

48 Grant, R. M., "Prospering in Dynamically-competitive Environments : Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration" 7 (7): 375-387, 1996

49 Bettis, R. A., "Performance Differences in Related and Unrelated Diversified Firms" 2 (2): 379-393, 1981

50 Davis, F. D., "Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology" 13 : 319-339, 1989

51 Xie, Y. H., "Perceived Resource Deficiency and Internationalization of Small and Medium Sized Firms" 12 : 207-229, 2014

52 Katsikeas, C. S., "Perceived Export Problems and Export Involvement : The Case of Greek Exporting Manufacturers" 7 (7): 29-57, 1994

53 Zaheer, S., "Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness" 38 (38): 341-363, 1995

54 Cavusgil, S. T., "Organizational Activities Associated with Export Activity" 21 : 3-21, 1984

55 Bonaccorsi, A., "On the Relationship between Firm Size and Export Intensity" 23 (23): 605-635, 1992

56 Kotabe, M., "Multinationality and Firm Performance : The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities" 33 (33): 79-97, 2002

57 Anderson, E., "Modes of Foreign Entry : A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions" 17 (17): 1-26, 1986

58 Cavusgil, S. T., "Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Market Ventures" 58 : 1-21, 1994

59 Aaby, N. E., "Management Influences on Export Performance : A Review of the Empirical Literature 1978-88" 4 : 7-26, 1989

60 Spender, J., "Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm" 17 : 45-62, 1996

61 Kogut, B., "Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation" 24 (24): 625-646, 1993

62 Sparrow, J., "Knowledge Management in Small Firms" 8 (8): 3-16, 2001

63 Jones, M. V., "Internationalization, Entrepreneurship and the Smaller Firm, Evidence from around the World" Edward Elgar 2009

64 Karagozoglu, N., "Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Technology-based Firms : An Exploratory Study" 36 (36): 44-59, 1998

65 Autio, E., "International Social Capital, Technology Sharing, and Foreign Market Learning in Internationalizing Entrepreneurial Firms, Advances in Entrepreneurship" 8 : 9-42, 2005

66 Barkema, H. G., "International Expansion through Start-up or Acquisition : A Learning Perspective" 41 : 7-26, 1988

67 Zahra, S. A., "International Expansion by New Venture Firms : International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning, and Performance" 43 (43): 925-950, 2000

68 Peiris, I., "International Entrepreneurship : A Critical Analysis of Studies in the Past Two Decades and Future Directions for Research" 10 (10): 279-324, 2012

69 Cavusgil, S. T., "Internal Determinants of Export Marketing Behavior:An Empirical Investigation" 23 : 114-119, 1981

70 Brouthers, K. D., "Institutional, Cultural and Transaction Cost Influences on Entry Mode Choice and Performance" 33 (33): 203-221, 2002

71 Knight, G. A., "Innovation, Organizational Capabilities, and the Born-global Firm" 35 (35): 124-141, 2004

72 Monreal-Perez, J., "Innovation and the Firm Export Intensity: The Moderating Effect of the Mode of Entry" 141 : 27-46, 2012

73 Liesch, P. W., "Information Internalization and Hurdle Rates in Small and Medium Enterprise Internationalization" 30 (30): 383-394, 1999

74 Cooper, R. G., "Industrial Firms’ New Product Strategies" 13 (13): 107-121, 1985

75 Roth, K., "Implementing International Strategy at the Business Unit Level : The Role of Managerial Decision-making Characteristics" 18 (18): 769-789, 1992

76 Smith, K. G., "Handbook of Strategic Management" Blackwell 2001

77 Stinchcombe, A. L., "Handbook of Organizations" Rand McNally 1965

78 D'Angelo, A., "Geographical Pathways for SME Internationalization : Insights from an Italian Sample" 30 (30): 80-105, 2013

79 Cavusgil, S. T., "Firm and Management Characteristics as Discriminators of Export Marketing Behaviour" 15 (15): 221-235, 1987

80 Barney, J. B., "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage" 17 (17): 99-120, 1991

81 O’Gorman, C., "Factors Influencing the Internationalization Choices of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises : The Case of the Irish Hotel Industry" 1 (1): 141-151, 2000

82 Yeh, R. K. J., "Extended Conceptualisation of Perceived Usefulness : Empirical Test in the Context of Information System Use Continuance" 31 (31): 525-540, 2012

83 Morgan, R. E., "Exporting Problems of Industrial Manufacturers" 27 (27): 161-177, 1998

84 Souchon, A. L., "Export Information Use : A Five-country Investigation of Key Determinants" 11 (11): 106-127, 2003

85 McDougall, P. P., "Explaining the Formation of International New Ventures : The Limits of Theories from International Business Research" 9 (9): 469-487, 1994

86 Eriksson, D., "Experimental Knowledge and Costs in the Internationalization Process" 28 (28): 337-360, 1997

87 Root, F., "Entry Strategies for International Markets" Lexington Books 1987

88 Wei, Y., "Entry Modes of Foreign Direct Investment in China : A Multinomial Logit Approach" 58 (58): 1495-1505, 2005

89 Nakos, G., "Entry Mode Choice of SMEs in Central and Eastern Europe" 27 (27): 47-64, 2002

90 Ojala, A., "Entry Barriers of Small and Medium-sized Software Firms in he Japanese Market" 49 (49): 689-705, 2007

91 Gilmore, A., "Entrepreneurial Marketing by Networking" 2 (2): 31-38, 1999

92 Smallbone, D., "Enterprise and Small Business" 100-126 100-126, 2000

93 Blomstermo, A., "Domestic Activity and Knowledge Development in the Internationalization Process of Firms" 2 : 239-258, 2004

94 Oviatt, B. M., "Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization" 29 (29): 537-554, 2005

95 Collinson, S., "Decision-making and Market Orientation in the Internationalization Process of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" 45 (45): 413-436, 2005

96 Madhok, A., "Cost, Value and Foreign Market Entry Mode : The Transaction and the Firm" 18 : 39-61, 1997

97 Grant, R. M., "Contemporary Strategy Analysis" Blackwell Business 1991

98 Weerawardena, J., "Conceptualizing Accelerated Internationalization in the Born Global Firm : A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective" 42 (42): 294-306, 2007

99 Chen, M. J., "Competitive Tension : The Awareness-motivation, Capability Perspective" 50 (50): 101-118, 2007

100 Porter, M. E., "Competitive Advantage" Free Press 1985

101 Podsakoff, P. M., "Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research : A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies" 88 (88): 879-903, 2003

102 Chu, W., "Capturing Ordinal Properties of Categorical Dependent Variables : A Review with Applications to Modes of Foreign Entry and Choice of Industrial Sales Force" 9 : 149-160, 1992

103 Santos, V., "Business Motivation and Informational Needs in Internationalization" 9 (9): 195-212, 2011

104 Peng, M. W., "Behind Intermediary Performance in Export Trade : Transactions, Agents, and Resources" 32 (32): 327-346, 2001

105 Tan, A., "Before the First Export Decision : Internationalization Readiness in the Preexport Phase" 16 (16): 294-309, 2007

106 Shaw, V., "Barriers to Internationalisation : A Study of Entrepreneurial New Ventures in New Zealand" 2 (2): 327-343, 2004

107 Cohen, J., "Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences" Erlbaum 1993

108 Pijpers, G. G. M., "An Investigation of Factors that Influence Senior Executives to Accept Innovations in Information Technology" 22 (22): 542-555, 2006

109 Salancik, G. R., "An Examination of Need-satisfaction Models of Job Attitudes" 22 : 427-456, 1977

110 Acedo, F. J., "An Entrepreneurial Cognition Perspective on the Internationalization of SMEs" 4 (4): 49-67, 2006

111 Christensen, C. H., "An Empirical Investigation of the Factors Influencing Exporting Success of Brazilian Firms" 18 (18): 61-77, 1987

112 Cort, K., "An Attribution Theory Approach for Understanding the Internationalization of Professional Service Firms" 24 (24): 9-25, 2007

113 Leonidou, L. C., "An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development" 42 (42): 279-302, 2004

114 Aspelund, A., "A review of the foundation, international marketing strategies, and performance of international new ventures" 41 (41): 1423-1448, 2007

115 Zahra, S. A., "A Theory of International New Ventures : A Decade of Research" 36 (36): 20-28, 2005

116 Venkatesh, V., "A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model : Four Longitudinal Field Studies" 46 (46): 186-204, 2000

117 Hall, R., "A Framework Linking Intangible Resources and Capabilities to Sustainable Competitive Advantage" 14 : 607-618, 1993

118 Gaskill, L. R., "A Factor Analytic Study of the Perceived Causes of Small Business Failure" 31 (31): 18-31, 1993

119 Kumar, V., "A Contingency Framework for the Mode of Entry Decision" 32 (32): 53-72, 1997