1465년작 관경16관변상도와 조선초기 왕실의 불사 = The Illustration of Amitayur-dyana-sutra, made in 1465, and the Buddhism Affairs of Royal Family in the Early Joseon Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There were many temples in Han-sung(漢城) in the early Joseon dynasty, and there must be Buddhist paintings in these temples, such as Heung-cheon-sa, Heung-deuk-sa, Won-gak-sa, and In-wang-sa, etc. But there are no remaining records related to the paintings of these temples. On the other hand, there are many scattered records in various documents such as <<Joseon Wang-jo-sil-rok 朝鮮王朝實錄>>, the realistic record of the Joseon dynasty, which show the production of Buddhist paintings, and some paintings made at that time remain until now. Most of the Buddhist paintings made during the early Joseon dynasty were related to royal family. A remarkable work among those paintings is `the Illustration of Amityur-dyana-sutra`(觀經變相圖) made in 1465. This work is now possessed by Chion-in(知恩院), located in Japan, and painted on silk. The width and height of the picture is 269.0㎝ and 182.1㎝, respectively. The composition of the painting is largely the upper part (Mediation No.1 ~ No.7), the central part (Mediation No.8 ~ No.13) and the outer part (Mediation No. 14 ~ No.16). The story of this painting is written in Chinese characters, on the grey bottom field. According to the story, this painting was sponsored, in 1465, by Hyo-ryong Dae-gun(孝寧大君, 1396~1486), a son of King Tae-jong, and an elder brother of King Se-jong, Wol-san Dae-gun(月山大君, 1454~1488), an elder brother of King Sung-jong, and the wife of Young-eung Dae-gun(永膺大君, 1434~1467), a son of King Se-jong etc. This painting is noticeable because its year of creation, sponsors, and painter are clearly known, and because its discrete style which succeeded the Buddhist painting style of Goryeo. In particular, the painter was Lee Meng-gun(李孟根), who participated in making King`s portraits as a painter registered in Do-hwa-seo(圖畵署), a governmental painting division of Joseon. The facts that he succeeded the painting tradition of the Goryeo Illustration of Amitayur-dyana-sutra and that he made creative painting designs show his excellent capability. The composition of this painting is that the upper part describes the paradise in Buddhism, in Mediation No. 1 to No. 7, the central part arranges Mediation No. 8 to No. 13 to describe Amitabha Triad, and the outer part includes the upper class(上品), the middle class(中品) and the lower class(下品). This composition succeeded the techniques of two illustrations of Amitayur-dyana-sutra made in Goryeo 1323. The difference from another Goryeo illustration of Amitayur-dyana-sutra which inherited those of Southern Song dynasty and is now possessed by Saifuku-ji(西福寺) in Japan is that this painting emphasized the image of `living forever in paradise` using Amitabha preaching, which is shown by the empathized `meditation for Amitabha Triad(眞身觀·觀音觀·勢至觀)` in central part. This work faithfully inherited the composition of Goryeo illustration of Amitayur-dyana-sutra, made in 1323. However, partial omissions or simplifications are found such as no twelfth meditation(12觀, 普觀) which describes that a person see himself birth in paradise, among 16 Mediations. On the contrary, it describes the belief of Amitabha Resurrection more actively as is shown by more extended Buddha of Bodhisattva shapes, which greet resurrected Buddhists in Mediation No. 15 and No. 16. The style of portraying figures shows the technical features of the early Joseon dynasty because faces are larger compared to their bodies, small ear, eye, mouth, and nose, and long thin waists, etc. These figures were from Bodhisattva shapes of the early Myung dynasty of China, and were frequently found in Bodhisattva shapes in the late Goryeo dynasty and the early Joseon dynasty. Other techniques different from Goryeo Buddhist paintings are that delicate touches were reduced, and bright smooth neutral tints added with yellowish〔light〕green, red and green, Prussian blue, brown, and gold powders, etc., were used more. Designs peculiar to Goryeo Buddhist pai