The amount of data that needs to be processed by computers has increased exponentially due to advancements in modern smart technologies. To handle such large volumes of data, memory devices must be developed in a more efficient and sophisticated manne...
The amount of data that needs to be processed by computers has increased exponentially due to advancements in modern smart technologies. To handle such large volumes of data, memory devices must be developed in a more efficient and sophisticated manner.
Ferroelectric memories, such as ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM), ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs), and ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs), have been considered promising candidates for next-generation memory devices due to their high efficiency.
In 2011, a remarkable achievement in downscaling the ferroelectric materials was reported where the ferroelectricity was maintained at 10 nm thickness range using HfO2-based thin films. However, in pursuit of more efficient devices, extensive efforts have been made to scale down the thickness of HfO2-based ferroelectrics to below 5 nm. As the film thickness decreases, the proportion of the interface relative to the entire device increases, thereby amplifying the influence of interfacial non-idealities. These interfacial effects can significantly degrade the ferroelectric properties and adversely impact overall device performance.
The interfaces in ferroelectric devices can be broadly categorized into ferroelectric/metal and ferroelectric/semiconductor interfaces. At the ferroelectric/metal interface, a non-ferroelectric interfacial layer is often formed during processing, which degrades the ferroelectric properties. Moreover, oxygen vacancies (Vo) concentrated at the interface can lead to domain wall pinning and the formation of non-ferroelectric phases, resulting in the wake-up effect. At the ferroelectric/semiconductor interface, when a HfO2-based ferroelectric layer is deposited on a Si substrate via atomic layer deposition (ALD), the oxygen precursor can oxidize the Si surface, forming a low-permittivity and defective SiO2 interfacial layer. Due to its low dielectric constant, this SiO2 layer experiences a large voltage drop during device operation, causing dielectric breakdown to occur earlier than in the ferroelectric layer, thus limiting the reliability of the device. In addition, insufficient charge compensation from the Si substrate induces a depolarization field, which can cause back-switching of ferroelectric dipoles. Interface traps at the Si substrate arise from oxidation/reduction reactions and residual impurities during processing, and they act as a major factor deteriorating the subthreshold swing (S.S.) in FeFETs. Therefore, controlling interfacial properties to suppress such non-idealities is essential for maintaining device performance in the context of continued downscaling.
To mitigate the wake-up effect caused by Vo at the ferroelectric/metal interface, a process strategy employing Mo electrodes, which can supply oxygen during thermal processing, was implemented. Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) films grown on Mo electrodes exhibited a higher fraction of the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase and a lower concentration of Vo compared to those grown on conventional TiN electrodes. As a result, the devices demonstrated enhanced remanent polarization (Pr) values and a suppressed wake-up effect. These findings suggest that employing Mo as an electrode material effectively reduces Vo concentration at the ferroelectric/metal interface, thereby improving both the ferroelectric performance and reliability of the device.
To suppress the limited endurance and depolarization field effects induced by the low-permittivity SiO2 interfacial layer formed during processing at the ferroelectric/semiconductor interface, a thin Ti metal layer was deposited on the Si substrate and subsequently oxidized during processing to form a high-permittivity (k) TiO2 interfacial layer. A very thin 5 nm HZO film was employed in the MFIS capacitor incorporating the TiO2 interfacial layer. The TiO2 layer acted as a potential well, enhancing the charge compensation capability. As a result, the depolarization field was effectively reduced, suppressing back-switching of ferroelectric dipoles. This led to a large 2Pr value of 60 μC/cm2 and significantly improved endurance of up to 108 cycles even under reduced operating voltages.
To control the interface trap density (Dit) at the Si/SiO2 interface and border traps in HZO layer, various interfacial layers including SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 were employed, and the Dit characteristics of MFIS devices were comparatively analyzed. Among these materials, TiO2 exhibits a Gibbs free energy of formation most similar to that of SiO2. As a result, the TiO2 interfacial layer effectively supplies oxygen to the HZO and SiO2 layers. This supply leads to improved interface and border trap characteristics at the interface.